1. Graphing!

2. Newton’s Theory of Gravitation
Theories
A THEORY is an explanation based on the results of many investigations
A theory can be disproved, or can change, but a theory is NOT just a guess
Examples of theories:
Atomic Theory
Cell Theory
Newton’s Theory of Gravitation
Big Bang Theory

3. Newton’s Laws of Motion
A LAW is a statement about what will happen under certain conditions – from observations!
A law does not explain why or how
A theory can explain a law
Examples of laws:
Newton’s Laws of Motion
"why"
"how"

4. Objectives
Review Theory vs Law
Graphing!

5. Graphs A GRAPH is a visual display of information or data
The most common types are line, bar, and circle (or pie)

6. Line Graphs
Line graphs show a relationship where the dependent variable changes due to a change in the independent variable
Use the x-axis for the independent variable and the y-axis for the dependent variable

7. The date (the independent variable) should be on the x- axis and the temperature (the dependent variable) should be on the y- axis
Patient temperature
Date
Temperature (C)
9/1
39.7
9/2
40.0
9/3
38.4
9/4
39.3
9/5
39.4
9/6
9/7
37.5
9/8
37.3
Create a graph of this data in your notes. Remember to label your axis and include units

9. Bar Graphs
A bar graph is used to compare information collected by counting
Each bar represents a quantity counted
The independent variable is on the x-axis and the dependent variable is on the y-axis

10. Students that take the bus to school
Grade
# Students 5 80 6 95 7
103 8 77
In your notes, make a bar graph representing the chart
Be sure to include all the necessary components of a graph!

12. Circle Graphs
A circle graph shows how a whole amount is broken down into parts
The parts are usually shown as percentages

13. In your notes, make a circle graph representing the chart now
In your notes, make a circle graph representing the chart now. Just sketch it as best you can.
Time spent writing essays
Activity
Percent
Copying and pasting from wikipedia 25
Legitimate research 5
Deciding what date to put so my teacher doesn’t know I'm doing it the night before it’s due 15
Choosing a font for my title 55

15. Measurement

16. Standards of Measurement
A standard is an exact quantity that people agree to use to compare measurements
Measurements must include a number and a unit
Measurements are either English or SI (International System of Units)

17. The SI system is based on multiples of 10
(it’s the same as the metric system!)

18. Distance Length- is the distance between two points Prefix Symbol
Factor #
Factor Word
Kilo k
1000
Thousand
Hecto h
100
Hundred
Deca da 10
Ten
Base
--- 1
M, L, g
Deci d
0.1
Tenth
Centi c
0.01
Hundredth
Milli m
0.001
Thousandth

19. Distance Conversions How many millimeters are in 2.40 m?
How many meters are equal to 742 cm?

20. Distance Conversions How many millimeters are in 2.40 m? 2400mm
How many meters are equal to 742 cm?
7.42 m

21. Volume The amount of space occupied by an object is its volume
Volume for rectangular objects can be found using V=lwh (3 dimensions = units3)
Volume of liquids is measured in Liters (L) because liquids don’t have sides
1mL = 1cm3

22. Mass
Just because an object is large, it doesn’t have to have a lot of matter – think of a balloon
Mass is a measurement of the quantity of matter in an object

23. Mass versus Weight Mass is the amount of matter an object contains.
Doesn’t change from the Earth to the Moon.
Weight is the force of gravity on a mass.
Much less on the Moon than the Earth.

24. Density Density is the mass per unit of volume of a material.
Units are g/mL or g/cm3
Different materials have different densities.
25 grams of water takes up 25 mL of space, so the density of water can be found using g/mL

25. Making Measurements Using a digital display
Simply record the readout on the display
Sometimes the last digit on the scale will fluctuate, in this case record the reading the instrument seems to “prefer”

26. Measurement should be 31.7 mL
Using a scale
Estimate one digit past any line on the scale
Remember to measure from the meniscus
Measurement should be 31.7 mL

27. Reliability Precision-Get the same answer over and over
Accuracy-Answer is close to the actual value