1. Soil Moisture Retention Laboratory #5

2. Objectives Know the definitions of oven dry, saturation, evapotranspiration, permanent wilting point, field capacity, macropore, micropore, and available water content. Know the definitions of oven dry, saturation, evapotranspiration, permanent wilting point, field capacity, macropore, micropore, and available water content. Know how to calculate bulk density, soil water content (by weight and by volume), available water percentage, percent pore space, volume of macropores and micropores. Know how to calculate bulk density, soil water content (by weight and by volume), available water percentage, percent pore space, volume of macropores and micropores.

3. Soil Moisture There are three moisture terms that you must be familiar with in order to understand the relationship between soil water and plant growth: oven dry, saturated, and field capacity. There are three moisture terms that you must be familiar with in order to understand the relationship between soil water and plant growth: oven dry, saturated, and field capacity.

4. Oven Dry Soil consists of soil particles and pore spaces, which are filled with gases such as oxygen (O 2 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and dinitrogen (N 2 ). Soil consists of soil particles and pore spaces, which are filled with gases such as oxygen (O 2 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and dinitrogen (N 2 ). When all of the pore space is filled with gases, the soil is said to be oven dry. When all of the pore space is filled with gases, the soil is said to be oven dry. An oven dry soil is defined as a soil that has been dried at 105°C until it reaches constant weight and contains no water. An oven dry soil is defined as a soil that has been dried at 105°C until it reaches constant weight and contains no water.

5. Saturated A saturated soil has all of the pore space filled with water. A saturated soil has all of the pore space filled with water. At this point the soil is at its maximum retentive capacity. At this point the soil is at its maximum retentive capacity. http://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/ hmv1/watrsoil/CDI32F6.gif

6. Field Capacity Following a rain or irrigation, a portion of the water from saturated soils will drain from the soil due to gravity. Following a rain or irrigation, a portion of the water from saturated soils will drain from the soil due to gravity. After two to three days the gravitational drainage will become negligible. After two to three days the gravitational drainage will become negligible. At this time the soil is said to be at field capacity. At this time the soil is said to be at field capacity.

7. Field Capacity & Pores The remaining water is found in the micropores and the water drained from the soil was lost from the macropores. The remaining water is found in the micropores and the water drained from the soil was lost from the macropores. The micropores are small enough that the adhesive and cohesive forces holding the water to the pore wall are stronger than the gravitational force trying to drain the soil. The micropores are small enough that the adhesive and cohesive forces holding the water to the pore wall are stronger than the gravitational force trying to drain the soil.

8. Micropores & Macropores Although there is no clear size specification of the pores, generally pores larger than 0.06 mm are considered macropores, and those smaller than 0.06 mm are micropores. Although there is no clear size specification of the pores, generally pores larger than 0.06 mm are considered macropores, and those smaller than 0.06 mm are micropores. http://www.landfood.ubc.ca/soil200/ima ges/16images/16.1.1macro&micropores.j pg

9. Volume of Macropores The volume of the macropores is equal to the volume of the water that has drained from the saturated soil to reach field capacity. The volume of the macropores is equal to the volume of the water that has drained from the saturated soil to reach field capacity. For example, you have 100 cm 3 in a saturated soil but when the soil reaches field capacity, you are left with 65 cm 3. For example, you have 100 cm 3 in a saturated soil but when the soil reaches field capacity, you are left with 65 cm 3. What is the volume of macropores? 35 cm 3 What is the volume of macropores? 35 cm 3

10. Volume of Micropores The volume of micropores equals the volume of water remaining in the soil at field capacity. The volume of micropores equals the volume of water remaining in the soil at field capacity. In the previous example, we had 65 cm 3 of water remaining in the soil at field capacity. In the previous example, we had 65 cm 3 of water remaining in the soil at field capacity. What is the volume of micropores? 65 cm 3 What is the volume of micropores? 65 cm 3

11. Evapotranspiration Most of the water that plants absorb from the soil is lost through evaporation at the leaf surfaces. Most of the water that plants absorb from the soil is lost through evaporation at the leaf surfaces. Simultaneously water is evaporated from the soil. Simultaneously water is evaporated from the soil. The combined loss of water from the soil and from plants is termed evapotranspiration. The combined loss of water from the soil and from plants is termed evapotranspiration.

12. Evapotranspiration T=Transpiration=The water loss from plant leaves E=Evaporation=The water loss due to the change of water from a liquid state to a vapor state http://www.cimis.water.ca.gov/cimis /images/eto_overview.gif

13. Wilting As the soil dries, plant available water decreases. As the soil dries, plant available water decreases. The initial response of plants is wilting. The initial response of plants is wilting. At the first onset of wilting, most plants can recover during times of reduced evapotranspiration (i.e. night). At the first onset of wilting, most plants can recover during times of reduced evapotranspiration (i.e. night). http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/field/less_corn06.htm

14. Permanent Wilting Point As the soil continues to dry, the plants reach a point at which they cannot recover during periods of reduced evapotranspiration. As the soil continues to dry, the plants reach a point at which they cannot recover during periods of reduced evapotranspiration. The plants are then in a permanently wilted condition. The plants are then in a permanently wilted condition. The soil moisture content of the soil when plants no longer can recover from daytime wilting is called the permanent wilting point. The soil moisture content of the soil when plants no longer can recover from daytime wilting is called the permanent wilting point.

15. Relationships http://attra.ncat.org/images/soil_moisture/soil_matrix.gif

16. Plant Available Water Plant available water is exactly as the name implies, it is the unbound water that is available to plants for uptake. Plant available water is exactly as the name implies, it is the unbound water that is available to plants for uptake. This is calculated by subtracting the water content at field capacity from the soil water content at the permanent wilting point. This is calculated by subtracting the water content at field capacity from the soil water content at the permanent wilting point.

17. Plant Available Water Example If we have 65 cm 3 of water at field capacity, and are left with 13 cm 3 at the permanent wilting point, what is our plant available water? 52 cm 3 If we have 65 cm 3 of water at field capacity, and are left with 13 cm 3 at the permanent wilting point, what is our plant available water? 52 cm 3

18. Plant Available Water http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/ extension/evans/ag4521-6.gif

19. Relationships -31 bars-15 bars-1/3 bars0 bars Oven DryDrained 2 DaysSaturated Oven DryAir DryWilt. PointField CapacitySaturated MicroporesMacropores Unavailable for PlantsAvailable for PlantsUnavailable DryWet

20. Note on Calculations Soil water calculations may be done on either a weight or volume basis. Soil water calculations may be done on either a weight or volume basis. Most of the calculations are first done on a weight basis and then converted to a volume basis. Most of the calculations are first done on a weight basis and then converted to a volume basis. Volume measurements are important because a plant does not grow in a weight of soil, it grows in a volume of soil. Volume measurements are important because a plant does not grow in a weight of soil, it grows in a volume of soil. Volume measurements are also important because when we are dealing with pore space, we are working with volume of pores, not weight of pores. Volume measurements are also important because when we are dealing with pore space, we are working with volume of pores, not weight of pores.

21. Questions?