1. Eight Stages of Development
Erik Erikson
Eight Stages of Development

2. Birth - 2 years Trust Mistrust
Trust: infant is totally dependent on others - learns to trust others
Mistrust
Mistrust: learns to distrust them

3. Trust v. Mistrust Associated with Freud’s Oral Stage
Trust in others and themselves being trustworthy
Caretakers must comfort in times of stress in order to create a basis of trust
CRITICAL PERIOD – if unable to develop a sense of trust at this point then may be difficult to develop later

4. 2 – 3 years Autonomy Shame child tries to become a separate individual
if not allowed, feels shame

5. Autonomy v. Shame Associated with Freud’s Anal Stage
Discovery of self-independence & self-recognition
“Terrible 2’s” – necessary part of development
If not learned that a child can say no then shame and doubt of self will occur
Give children choices in basic decisions

6. 3 – 5 years Initiative Guilt
child tries to take control of environment
Guilt
if not allowed, child feels guilty for having failed

7. Initiative v. Guilt Associated with Freud’s Phallic Stage
Discovery of independent behavior
Want to dress themselves and do things themselves
Parents must allow children to do things by themselves or guilt may occur

8. 6 – 12 years Industry Inferiority
child wants to do more and better things - to be industrious
Inferiority
if child does not do better, child feels inferior

9. Industry v Inferiority
Develop sense of industry (working hard and persistently on valuable tasks)
Not giving up and succeeding, etc. is a good thing
But, if they fail from the beginning then inferiority sets in
Industry is learning how to persist in the face of challenge

10. 13 – 18 years Identity Identity Confusion
adolescent searches for role or identity in life
Identity Confusion
feels confusion if no role is found

11. Identity v Identity Confusion
In adolescence a “true” identity is developed separate from self and parents
A way of separation from parents is rebelling
Another way is over-identifying with peers
Both are normal with clothes, music, etc

12. 18 – 30 years Intimacy Isolation
young adult shares special or intimate feelings with one special person
Isolation
without the sharing, loneliness and isolation prevails

13. Intimacy v Isolation Beginning adult stage at about 20 years old
Not specifically physical intimacy but psychological intimacy

14. Middle Adulthood Generativity Stagnation
adult feels need to generate or contribute something important to the world
Stagnation
if nothing important is contributed, the adult deteriorates or stagnates

15. Generativity v Stagnation
A willingness to care for others, i.e. children
It can be in any aspect of life

16. Late Adulthood Ego Integrity Ego Despair
person looks to past and feels a sense of accomplishment or integrity
Ego Despair
person looks back and feels no sense of accomplishment and feels empty and despairing

17. Ego Integrity v Ego Despair
Looking back on your life and accept what you have done as a good thing
Accept your own mortality
If unhappy with life then despair sets in