1. Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Vascular, Seed Plants
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

2. Seed Plants
Do not require water for reproduction because of pollination, so can live almost anywhere
Seed – protective part of plant that contains a plant embryo (baby) and stored food
Most plants are seed plants

3. Gymnosperms
Most have their seeds in cones --- conifers (“cone-bearing”)
Most keep their leaves all year (evergreens)

4. Coniferophyta—Conifers
Cone—cluster of sporophylls
Examples: pine, firs, spruces, junipers, cedars
Most evergreen, leaves needle-like
Methuselah—bristlecone pine…4600+ yrs. old!

5. Conifers General Sherman (left)…CA Mtns…trunk circumference is 26m!
Redwoods…tip of northern CA…can grow to 110m+ tall! (right)

6. Conifers….. Roots and stems are hard and woody.
Wood is a plant material made mostly of xylem.
Conifers are a source of wood, cardboard, turpentine, disinfectants and fuel.
They provide food and shelter to many animals.

7. Life Cycle of a Gymno-sperm

8. Life Cycle of a Pine Tree
Produce male and female cones
Male cones produce pollen (sperm)
Wind carries pollen to larger female cones
The sperm cells fertilize the eggs in the female cones.
Seeds, containing the embryo, form between the woody scales of the cone

9. Anthophyta—Angiosperms
flowering plants
250,000 species

10. Food supply
Food supply

11. Angiosperms… Produce seeds inside a flower
Flowers have male (produce pollen)and female parts (produce eggs)
Pollen is carried to the egg by wind, insects, or other animals.
2 classes: monocots and dicots

12. Monocots One seed leaf—cotyledons
Examples: lilies, orchids, grasses, grain crops

13. Dicots
2 cotyledons
Examples: roses, peas, sunflowers, oaks, maples

14. Dicot vs. Monocot Roots
Have one main long root (taproot) and branch roots.
Have all roots about the same length and none very long.
Dicots
Tap Root System
Fibrous Root System
Monocots

15. Leaves Dicot leaves have branching (net-like) veins
Monocot leaves have parallel veins
Leaves

16. Flowers

17. Stems Vascular tissue organized in a ring
Vascular tissue scattered in stem

18. Roots
Vascular tissues
Dicot Root Monocot Root

20. Deciduous Trees
Trees that lose their leaves in the Fall.

21. Evergreens never lose their leaves. Most are conifers.

22. Annuals—1 year
Biennials—2 years
Perennials—many years

23. Typical Flower

24. Parts of a Flower
Stamens: The male part, composed of filament and anther. Releases pollen.
Pistil: The female part, composed of style, stigma, and ovule.
Petals: The colorful parts.
Sepals: Leaf-like parts around petals.

25. Anatomy of
a Flower

26. Another typical flower

27. Transpiration
Transpiration is the loss of water from the stomata --- like plant sweat.
Water enters through the roots. As water is lost from the stomata, water is draw up the step by capillary action and the cohesion of water molecules caused by hydrogen bonding moves the water up the stem.

28. Is a plant response directed toward light
Plant stems growing toward the light source and leaves facing the light.
Is a plant response directed toward light
Phototropism
All sunflowers facing the same way

29. hormone
hormone
hormone

30. Is a plant response directed toward gravity
Gravitropism in stems
Is a plant response directed toward gravity
Gravitropism
Gravitropism in roots