1. The Crusades

2. Goal:
Retake the Holy Land from Muslim Empire

3. The First Crusade began on November 27, 1095, with a proclamation from Pope Urban II delivered to clergy and lay folk. The Pope had received an appeal for help from the Byzantine Emperor.

4. Reconquista: an effort to drive all non-Christians from the Iberian peninsula

5. The Spanish Inquisition
After the Reconquista, the Spanish government wanted to unify Spain by removing all non-Christians.
Trials were set up where Jewish & Muslim people were tortured, murdered, or expelled from the country.

6. How did the crusades help end the Dark Ages in Europe?
Increased trade between the Middle East & Europe helped bring Europe out of the Dark Ages
Spread of knowledge
Cultural diffusion