1. Which of these bones is classified as a flat bone?
a. pollex
b. carpal
c. sphenoid
d. sternum
Answer: d

2. In osseous tissue which characteristics apply to spongy bone?
a. no osteons, very vascular, bone marrow cavity
b. red bone marrow, canaliculi, no osteons
c. osteons, trabeculae, bone marrow cavity
d. no osteons, lamellae, superficial, and glossy
Answer: b

3. c. mesenchymal connective tissue d. adipose tissue
During intramembranous ossification, which type of tissue is replaced by bone?
a. hyaline cartilage
b. elastic tissue
c. mesenchymal connective tissue
d. adipose tissue
Answer: c

4. Which of the following is true concerning the periosteum?
a. It has a fibrous outer layer that provides firm attachments for tendons.
b. It provides a route for nerves and blood vessels into bone.
c. Its cellular layer actively participates in bone growth and repair.
d. All of the above are correct.
Answer: d

5. Which of the following describes osteoprogenitor cells?
a. divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
b. assist in elevating local concentrations of calcium phosphate
c. multinucleate and derive from same stem cells that produce monocytes
d. maintain protein and mineral content of surrounding matrix
Answer: a

6. b. mass will not be affected c. more mass d. less mass
If the activity of osteoblasts exceeds the activity of osteoclasts in a bone, how will the mass of the bone be affected?
a. mass becomes porous
b. mass will not be affected
c. more mass
d. less mass
Answer: c

7. What statement is NOT true with regard to spongy bone?
a. It has red bone marrow.
b. It has yellow bone marrow.
c. It is found where stress comes from many directions.
d. All of the above statements are true.
Answer: d

8. Why is osteoporosis more common in older women than in older men?
a. Testosterone levels decline in postmenopausal women.
b. Older women tend to be more sedentary than older men.
c. Declining estrogen levels lead to decreased calcium deposition.
d. In males, androgens increase with age.
Answer: c

9. a. higher level of calcium due to osteoclast stimulation
What effect would increased PTH secretion have on blood calcium levels?
a. higher level of calcium due to osteoclast stimulation
b. lower level of calcium due to osteoclast stimulation
c. lower calcium levels due to calcitriol inhibition
d. no effect on blood calcium; PTH affects calcium in the bones
Answer: a

10. a. calcitriol and parathyroid hormone b. calcitriol and thyroxine
A balance between which two hormones is essential for maintaining calcium homeostasis?
a. calcitriol and parathyroid hormone
b. calcitriol and thyroxine
c. calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
d. growth hormone and sex hormones
Answer: c