1. Lesson 9: Waves Physical Oceanography

2. Last class we learned about currents
What two major types of currents are there?
What is thermohaline circulation?
Which current moves north along the U.S. East Coast (from Florida to North Carolina)?
Deep ocean and surface.
Thermohaline circulation refers to global (deep) ocean circulation driven by differences in seawater density
The Gulf Stream.

3. You may be familiar with another type of water movement in the ocean: waves
This wave is breaking over the bow of a NOAA ship
Today we will learn about the physical forces that cause waves to form and to break
Photo:
Accessed: November 2010
Photo: NOAA

4. Understanding wave physics is important for human life (and not just for surfing)
1. A wave is the transmission of energy through matter – in this case through water
Two important types of waves are deepwater and shallow-water waves
Do you know what a tsunami is?
Teacher’s note: Lead a brief discussion of student definitions and impressions of tsunamis. You may want to encourage students to think about whether a tsunami would be classified as a shallow-water or deep-water wave. This question is addressed further in the PPT.

5. A wave is transmission of energy through matter
When energy moves through matter, like water, matter moves and returns to its initial position
The energy is transmitted to its adjacent surroundings – in this case, adjacent water particles
Transmission of energy through the water moves the water particles in a circle motion known as orbital motion
Wave
Orbital
motion

6. Ocean Waves Move Energy across the Sea Surface
(right) Progressive waves are waves of moving energy in which the wave form moves in one direction along the surface (or junction) of the transmission medium. Orbital waves are a type of progressive wave because the waveform moves forward.

7. Ocean Waves Move Energy across the Sea Surface
left) Orbital waves are waves in which the particles of water move in closed circles as the wave passes.
Note that the water molecules in the crest of the wave move in the same direction as the wave, but molecules in the trough move in the opposite direction.

8. Wave Transmission:
right) A floating sea gull demonstrates that wave forms travel but the water itself does not.
In this sequence, a wave moves from left to right as the gull (and the water in which it is resting) revolves in a circle, moving slightly to the left up the front of an approaching wave, then to the crest, then sliding to the right down the back of the wave

9. Some important features of a wave
Crest is the highest point of the wave
H:L is the ratio of wave height to wavelength
Period (T) refers to the time it takes for the same spot on two consecutive waves to pass the same point
Speed = L/T
Wavelength is the distance between identical points on two waves, from crest to crest
Wave height is the distance from
trough to crest
Teacher’s Note: This slide provides definitions for the important terms on the diagram as you click ahead on the slide show.
Photo:
Accessed: November 2010
Trough is the lowest point of the wave
Photo: Navy

10. Wavelength Is the Most Useful Measure of Wave Size
Wave energy in the ocean as a function of the wave period. As the graph shows, most wave energy is typically concentrated in wind waves. However, large tsunami, rare events in the ocean, can transmit more energy than all wind waves for a brief time. Ides are waves – their energy is concentrated at periods of 12 and 24 hours.

11. There is more than one type of wave
Note: D = water depth; L = wavelength
Deepwater waves occur when water depth is greater than 1/2 wavelength (D > 1/2 L)
Shallow-water waves occur when water depth is less than 1/20 wavelength (D < 1/20 L)
Shallow and deepwater waves can occur at the same time
Teacher’s Notes:
You may want to explain and demonstrate the ‘internal wave’ here, explained in the Teacher’s Guide.
An example in which shallow and deepwater waves can exist together would be tides and capillary wave. Capillary waves are very small waves. (Think of wind blowing across still water and the small ripples that are created -Surface tension is the primary restoring force for these small capillary waves.) Tides have a wavelength up to 17,000 km, and capillary wind waves have a wavelength less than 2 cm. Using the average depth of the ocean which is 4.3 km/14,000 ft (Source: Accessed, April 2011) and the formulas above, for tides D < L/20 meaning 4.3 km < (14,000/20 km) is true making tides shallow water waves. For capillary waves, D > ½ L meaning 4.3 km > ( km/2) is true making capillary waves deepwater waves. Wind can create capillary waves at the same time waves produced from tidal forces are passing through, thus these shallow and deepwater waves can exist together.

12. Wave Behavior Is Influenced by Water Depth
Progressive waves. Classification depends on their wavelength relative to the depth of water through which they are passing. Note the importance of the relationship between wavelength and depth in determining wave type.

13. Wind Blowing over the Ocean Generates Waves
Wind waves are gravity waves formed by the transfer of wind energy into water.
Wind forces convert capillary waves to wind waves.
A capillary wave interrupts the smooth sea surface, deflecting surface wind upward, slowing it, and causing some of the wind’s energy to be transferred into the water to drive the capillary wave crest forward (point a). The wind may eddy briefly downwind of the tiny crest, creating a slight partial vacuum (-). Atmospheric pressure (+) pushes the trailing crest forward (downwind) toward the trough (point b), adding still more energy to the water surface.

14. Many Factors Influence Wind Wave Development
What factors affect wind wave development?
Wind strength - wind must be moving faster than the wave crests for energy transfer to continue
Wind duration - winds that blow for a short time will not generate large waves
Fetch - the uninterrupted distance over which the wind blows without changing direction

15. What is a tsunami?
A typical tsunami wavelength is several hundred miles long, as an example let’s say wavelength is 400 miles
The deepest part of the ocean is 7 miles deep
Based on this information, do you think a tsunami is a shallow or deep water wave?

16. What is a tsunami? L = 400 miles, D = 7 miles D < 1/20 L
Tsunamis are shallow water waves! The ocean would have be deeper than 200 miles on average for a tsunami to be a deep water wave!
A tsunami is a shallow-water wave triggered by displacement of a large amount of water
Teacher’s Note:
1. Common triggers of tsunamis include earthquakes and underwater landslides associated with smaller earthquakes.

17. How does a wave break? The top part of the wave The height of the
moves faster than the bottom
The height of the
wave increases
As a deepwater wave moves toward shore,
its wavelength decreases
H:L ratio> 1:7
When the wave meets the ocean
floor, the bottom of the wave slows
Teacher’s Note: This slide walks the students through the mechanics of the wave break as you advance the slide show. As a wave moves towards the shore, the wavelength decreases and the height increases. When the bottom of the wave strikes the shore, it causes the bottom part of the wave to move more slowly than the top part. As the wave becomes much taller than it is wide with the crest of the wave moving faster than the bottom, the wave becomes unstable and the crest eventually crashes over. You should stress to your students that the height to wavelength ratio at which the wave breaks is greater than 1:7 (this number typically comes up at the NOSB).
The faster-moving top of the wave
crashes over causing the wave to break.
This happens as the wave depth gets closer to the wave height.
(H:L ratio is greater than 1:7)

18. Why is it important to know so many details about waves?
Waves can be very destructive
A tsunami is one type of destructive, shallow-water wave
Studying the causes and forces underlying waves can help scientists predict the timing and magnitude of these events and potentially save lives!

19. Can you outrun a tsunami?
In today’s activity you will use wave information to calculate the speed of impending tsunamis
About how fast do you think tsunamis move?
Let’s find out…