1. The Hydrosphere and the Biosphere

2. The Hydrosphere All the water on or near the Earth’s surface Rivers
Oceans

3. Clouds
Lakes
Wetlands
Ice Caps
In Soil

4. The Water Cycle
Evaporation: water rising to the atmosphere
From where?
Bodies of water: oceans, lakes, streams, rivers …
From plants: transpiration

5. 2. Condensation: water vapor forms drops
3. Precipitation: drops collide and form larger drops, then fall to the ground as rain or snow

6. 4. Runoff: water running off mountains, hills etc…
5. Ground water: water in the ground makes its way to rivers, oceans…

7. 3 4 1 2 5 6

8. Earth’s Oceans
Ocean Water: contains dissolved salts from rocks over many years.
Salinity increases with depth of water.
Salinity = concentration (amount of) dissolved salts in a solution.

9. Salinity differs depending on where fresh water enters it.
Close to fresh water it’s less salty. 10

10. Temperature of Ocean Water
Depends on the sun penetrating the water.
Warmer on top.
Colder where there is no sun. 11

11. Thermocline – in between layer
Surface Zone - Top layer that is warmed by the sun
Temperature Zones
Thermocline – in between layer
Deep Zone – extends to the bottom of the ocean; coldest layer because of lack of sunlight

12. boundary between warm and cold water
boundary between warm and cold water. When you jump into a lake, you can feel it.
Thermocline =

13. Ocean as a Global Temperature Regulator
Oceans:
Absorbs over half the solar radiation that reaches earth.
Stores energy from sunlight
Causes atmospheric temperature to be stable. Important for organism survival.
Ocean currents affect land climates by circulating warm water. 14

14. Ocean Currents

15. Thermocline Circulation

16. Fresh Water A little more than 3% of earth
Most is in icecaps and glaciers
Consists of River Systems: streams that drain land 17

17. Ground Water
Water from rain and snow that sinks and collects in the ground.
This is our source of drinking water.
An aquifer is a rock layer that stores the ground water. 18

18. Ground Water

19. Aquifer 20

20. Biosphere
Narrow layer around the Earth’s surface where life can exist.
Factors for Survival:
Liquid water
Correct temperatures
A source of energy sunlight, photosynthetic organisms 21

21. 22

23. Energy Flow in a Biosphere
Two Types of Systems:
Closed System: energy enters the environment but matter does not.
Earth is mainly a closed system.

24. Early Earth - when it was developing.
2. Open System: both energy and matter are exchanged between the system and the environment.
Early Earth - when it was developing. 25