1. Interest Grabber What’s the Matter?
Section 2-1
What’s the Matter?
All of the materials around you are made up of matter. You are made up of matter, as are the chair you sit on and the air you breathe.
1. Give an example of solid matter.
2. Give an example of liquid matter.
3. Give an example of gaseous matter.
4. Is all matter visible?
5. Does all matter take up space?
Go to Section:

2. Section Outline 2–1 The Nature of Matter A. Atoms
B. Elements and Isotopes
1. Isotopes
2. Radioactive Isotopes
C. Chemical Compounds
D. Chemical Bonds
1. Ionic Bonds
2. Covalent Bonds
3. Van der Waals Forces
Go to Section:

3. C 6 Carbon 12.011 An Element in the Periodic Table Section 2-1
Go to Section:

4. Figure 2-2 Isotopes of Carbon
Section 2-1
Nonradioactive carbon-12
Nonradioactive carbon-13
Radioactive carbon-14
6 electrons
6 protons
6 neutrons
6 electrons
6 protons
7 neutrons
6 electrons
6 protons
8 neutrons
Go to Section:

5. Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl)
Section 2-1
Sodium atom (Na)
Chlorine atom (Cl)
Sodium ion (Na+)
Chloride ion (Cl-)
Transfer
of electron
Protons +11
Electrons -11
Charge
Protons +17
Electrons -17
Charge
Protons +11
Electrons -10
Charge
Protons +17
Electrons -18
Charge
Go to Section:

6. Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl)
Section 2-1
Sodium atom (Na)
Chlorine atom (Cl)
Sodium ion (Na+)
Chloride ion (Cl-)
Transfer
of electron
Protons +11
Electrons -11
Charge
Protons +17
Electrons -17
Charge
Protons +11
Electrons -10
Charge
Protons +17
Electrons -18
Charge
Go to Section:

7. Water, Water Everywhere
Interest Grabber
Section 2-2
Water, Water Everywhere
If you have ever seen a photograph of Earth from space, you know that much of the planet is covered by water. Water makes life on Earth possible. If life as we know it exists on some other planet, water must be present to support that life.
Go to Section:

8. Interest Grabber continued
Section 2-2
1. Working with a partner, make a list of ten things that have water
in them.
2. Exchange your list for the list of another pair of students. Did your lists contain some of the same things? Did anything on the other list surprise you?
3. Did either list contain any living things?
Go to Section:

9. Section Outline 2–2 Properties of Water A. The Water Molecule
1. Polarity
2. Hydrogen Bonds
B. Solutions and Suspensions
1. Solutions
2. Suspensions
C. Acids, Bases, and pH
1. The pH Scale
2. Acids
3. Bases
4. Buffers
Go to Section:

10. pH Scale Increasingly Basic Neutral Increasingly Acidic Section 2-2
Oven cleaner
Bleach
Ammonia solution
Increasingly Basic
Soap
Sea water
Human blood
Neutral
Pure water
Milk
Normal
rainfall
Acid rain
Increasingly Acidic
Tomato
juice
Lemon juice
Stomach acid
Go to Section:

11. Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution Cl- Cl- Na+ Na+ Water Water Section 2-2
Go to Section:

12. Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution Cl- Cl- Na+ Na+ Water Water Section 2-2
Go to Section:

13. Interest Grabber Life’s Backbone
Section 2-3
Life’s Backbone
Most of the compounds that make up living things contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes up the basic structure, or “backbone,” of these compounds. Each atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms.
As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A huge number of different carbon compounds exist. Each compound has a different structure. For example, carbon chains can be straight or branching. Also, other kinds of atoms can be attached to the carbon chain.
Go to Section:

14. Interest Grabber continued
Section 2-3
1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of at least ten things that contain carbon.
2. Working with a partner, review your list. If you think some things on your list contain only carbon, write “only carbon” next to them.
3. If you know other elements that are in any items on your list, write those
elements next to them.
Go to Section:

15. Section Outline 2–3 Carbon Compounds A. The Chemistry of Carbon
B. Macromolecules
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
E. Nucleic Acids
F. Proteins
Go to Section:

16. Concept Map Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids
Section 2-3
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
Go to Section:

17. Figure 2-11 Carbon Compounds
Section 2-3
Methane
Acetylene
Butadiene
Benzene
Isooctane
Go to Section:

18. Figure 2-13 A Starch
Section 2-3
Starch
Glucose
Go to Section:

19. Figure 2-16 Amino Acids General structure Alanine Serine Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
Go to Section:

20. Figure 2-16 Amino Acids General structure Alanine Serine Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
Go to Section:

21. Figure 2-16 Amino Acids General structure Alanine Serine Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
Go to Section:

22. Figure 2-17 A Protein
Section 2-3
Amino
acids
Go to Section:

23. Interest Grabber Matter and Energy
Section 2-4
Matter and Energy
Have you ever sat around a campfire or watched flames flicker in a fireplace? The burning of wood is a chemical reaction—a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. A chemical reaction always involves changes in chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds. The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are called reactants. The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are called products. As wood burns, molecules of cellulose are broken down and combine with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapor, and energy is released.
Go to Section:

24. Interest Grabber continued
Section 2-4
1. What are the reactants when wood burns?
2. What are the products when wood burns?
3. What kinds of energy are given off when wood burns?
4. Wood doesn’t burn all by itself. What must you do to start a fire? What does this mean in terms of energy?
5. Once the fire gets started, it keeps burning. Why don’t you need to keep restarting the fire?
Go to Section:

25. Section Outline 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
A. Chemical Reactions
B. Energy in Reactions
1. Energy Changes
2. Activation Energy
C. Enzymes
D. Enzyme Action
1. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
2. Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Go to Section:

26. Effect of Enzymes Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy
Section 2-4
Reaction pathway
without enzyme
Activation energy
without enzyme
Reactants
Activation
energy
with enzyme
Reaction pathway
with enzyme
Products
Go to Section:

27. Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
Section 2-4
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Products
Activation
energy
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products
Go to Section:

28. Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
Section 2-4
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Products
Activation
energy
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products
Go to Section:

29. Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Enzyme (hexokinase) Substrates Products
Section 2-4
Enzyme
(hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
ADP
Products
Glucose-6-
phosphate
ATP
Products
are released
Active site
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Substrates
bind to
enzyme
Substrates
are converted
into products
Go to Section:

30. Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Enzyme (hexokinase) Substrates Products
Section 2-4
Enzyme
(hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
ADP
Products
Glucose-6-
phosphate
ATP
Products
are released
Active site
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Substrates
bind to
enzyme
Substrates
are converted
into products
Go to Section:

31. Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Enzyme (hexokinase) Substrates Products
Section 2-4
Enzyme
(hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
ADP
Products
Glucose-6-
phosphate
ATP
Products
are released
Active site
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Substrates
bind to
enzyme
Substrates
are converted
into products
Go to Section:

32. Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Enzyme (hexokinase) Substrates Products
Section 2-4
Enzyme
(hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
ADP
Products
Glucose-6-
phosphate
ATP
Products
are released
Active site
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Substrates
bind to
enzyme
Substrates
are converted
into products
Go to Section: