1. Matter and the Periodic Table
Unit 4
Matter and the Periodic Table

2. Physical Properties Any physical attribute of a substance Color
Density
Hardness
Melting/Boiling points
Solubility
Luster/texture

3. Physical Changes
Physical properties can change without changing the identity of the substance
Melting ice, ripping paper
These are called physical changes – when a substance changes its phase or any physical property but NOT its identity

4. Chemical Properties
Describe the ability of a substance to change its chemical identity
Baking soda bubbles when mixed with vinegar
Copper reacts with water and carbon dioxide to form a green substance called patina
Wood will burn and change to ash

5. Chemical Changes
A change in a substance that involves the rearrangement of the atoms to make a new substance
AKA chemical reactions

6. Chemical or Physical? What two changes happen when a candle burns?
HW:
Worksheet
Physical Changes
No change in the identity of the substance
Can usually be reversed
Chemical Changes
Make an entirely new substance
Can not be reversed without another chemical reaction
What two changes happen when a candle burns?
Wax melting – physical change
Wick burning – chemical change

7. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
With all of the different substances on the Earth, it might seem like there are millions of types of atoms
Really, there are only a little more than one hundred
It is the COMBINATION of these atoms that make so many different substances
Element
A material that consists of only one type of atom
Can be found on the periodic table

8. Identification of Elements
On the periodic table, elements are listed by their atomic symbol
All symbols contain one capital letter
Some also contain a lowercase letter
Usually match up easily to the element name
Carbon = C; Chlorine = Cl; Cadmium = Cd

9. Elements with Latin Names
Some symbols do not match up with their element names because the symbols are taken from the original Latin names of the elements
Gold (Au) – Aurum
Lead (Pb) – Plumbum
Sodium (Na) – Natrium
Potassium (K) – Kalium
Iron (Fe) – Ferrum
Copper (Cu) – Cuprum
Silver (Ag) – Argentum
Tin (Sn) – Stannum
Mercury (Hg) – Hydrargyrum
Antimony (Sb) – Stibium
Tungsten (W) - Wolfram

10. Elemental Formulas
How do we know if atoms travel individually or in groups?
Elemental Formulas – Tell how many atoms travel together in the elemental form
Use the symbols for the element and a subscript directly after the element to show how many
Gold atoms travel individually, so its elemental formula is just Au
Nitrogen atoms travel in pairs, so its elemental formula is N2

11. Compounds
Atoms of different elements bonded together to make a totally new substance with its own properties
Represented by a chemical formula, in which the symbols for the involved atoms are written together:
Table salt is NaCl, one sodium atom and one chlorine atom
Water is H2O, two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
Ammonia is NH3, one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms

12. Compounds
Compounds have totally different chemical and physical properties than the elements that are contained in them
Water contains hydrogen and oxygen, which are both gases
Table salt contains sodium (a metal) and chlorine (a poisionous gas)
Forming a compound is a chemical change because the substances change their identities and form new properties

13. Mixtures
A combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its original properties
Forming a mixture is a physical change because the substances don’t change their properties, they are just mixed together
Mixtures can be physically separated
A solid mixed with a liquid can be filtered out of the mixture
Two liquids mixed together can be separated using distillation

14. Classification of Matter
Pure
Impure / Mixture
Elements
Compounds
Heterogeneous Mixture
Homogeneous Mixture
Mixture in which particles can be visually separated
Mixture that looks the same throughout
Solution
Suspension
All components are in a single phase
Components are in different phases

15. Modern Periodic Table C Arranged in order of increasing atomic number
Vertical Columns – Groups/Families
Have similar properties
Horizontal Rows – Periods
Include the same outer principal energy level
Each block contains information on a single element: 6 C
Carbon
12.011
Atomic Number
Atomic Symbol
Name
Average Atomic Mass

16. Metals, Non-Metals, and Metalloids
Are good conductors of heat and electricity
Malleable – able to be hammered into shapes
Ductile – able to be drawn into wires
Non-Metals
Are poor or non-conductors of heat and electricity
Are brittle/easily broken
Metalloids
Have properties of both metals and non-metals

17. Separates the metals from the non-metals
Metalloids

18. Groups/Families
Each column (group) shares traits with other group members
Many groups have special names

19. Alkali Metals (Group 1) Very reactive with water and with group 17
Reactions get more intense as you go down the group
Video: Reactions with Water

20. Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2)
Frequently form oxides that are basic (alkaline) in solution with water
Oxides melt at such high temps that they remain solid in fire
Soft, silver colored metals:

21. Transition Metals (Groups 3-12)
Traditional Metals
Used in currency, wires, etc
Malleable – able to be hammered into shapes
Ductile – Able to be drawn into wires

22. Boron Group (Group 13)
Boron is a metalloid, all of the rest are metals
Mainly similar in the ways that they bond

23. Carbon Group (Group 14)
Most are relatively common elements in everyday life
Not necessarily elements found in great abundance

24. Nitrogen Group (Group 15)
Also called the pnictogens
Form very stable compounds using double and triple bonds
Tend to form potentially toxic compounds

25. Oxygen Group (Group 16) Also called the chalcogens
Very common in minerals

26. Halogens (Group 17)
Very reactive, usually only found as ions or in compounds
Diatomic in their elemental states
Only group to represent all three matter phases at room temperature

27. Noble Gases (Group 18) Generally have no reactions with other elements
Melting points and boiling points are very close together, so they are only liquids over a small range

28. Inner Transition Metals
PT Activity
Most are radioactive, and many are lab created
2 series:
Lanthanide Series
Actinide Series