1. Process of Breathing

2. Inspiration Expiration
50. Pulmonary ventilation - Breathing
Involves two phases:
Inspiration
Expiration

3. A. Boyle’s Law
if the volume increases, then the pressure must decrease (or vice versa)

4. Boyle’s Law
a. Gasses flow from areas of high pressure to low pressure to become equal

5. B. Inspiration – air flows into lungs

6. a. Inspiratory muscles
Diaphragm –dome shaped muscle, separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

7. Inspiratory muscles
Intercostals – muscles between the ribs (costals)

8. Steps of inspiration
1) Respiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends, rib cage rises)

10. Steps of inspiration
2) Thoracic cavity volume increases

12. Steps of inspiration
3) Lungs stretched, intrapulmonary volume increases

13. Steps of inspiration
4) Intrapulmonary pressure drops

14. Steps of inspiration
5) Air flows into lungs until pressure inside is equal to pressure outside

15. C. Expiration – gases exit lungs

16. Steps of Expiration
1) Respiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises, rib cage descends

17. Steps of Expiration
2) Thoracic cavity volume decreases

18. Steps of Expiration
3) Elastic lungs recoil passively, intrapulmonary volume decreases

19. Steps of Expiration
4) Intrapulmonary pressure rises

20. Steps of Expiration
5) Gases flow out of lungs until inside and outside pressure are equal

21. Inspiration or expiration?

22. Inspiration or expiration?

23. Lung Capacity

24. A. Tidal Volume (TV) = the amount of air going into or out of the lungs on single breath
An adult’s lungs can hold about 6 liters of air. During normal breathing, only about ½ liter is exchanged

25. B. Expiratory reserve Volume(ERV) = air left to be exhaled AFTER normal breathing (exhalation)

26. C. Inspiratory Reserve Volume(IRV)= the amount of air you can take in after tidal volume

27. D. Vital Capacity (VC) = total amount of air you can move
a. VC = TV + IRV + ERV
Trained athletes or singers have a large vital capacity

28. E. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = how much air you bring in
a. IC = TV + IRV

29. F. Residual Volume (RV) = what is left in the lungs that you can not move!
This keeps the lungs partially inflated at all times

30. G. DEAD SPACE
Air in passage way that never makes it to gas exchange.

31. IRV
ERV

32.
Calculate your vital capactiy

33. 52. Control of Breathing
Both voluntary and involuntary

34. A. Respiratory Centers
a. Medulla Oblongata b. Pons

35. B. Reflex Control
AKA autonomic control

36. Chemoreceptor Reflex
a. Responds to the amount of CO₂ in the blood

37. Chemoreceptor Reflexes
b. If..
CO₂ THEN respiration

38. C. Protective reflexes
a. What happens when people are poisoned by toxic gases?
b. 1. Stop breathing!
2. Start coughing!

39. 53. External respiration
Getting air from the atmosphere into the blood. (gas to dissolve into liquid)

40. A. Diffusion
Oxygen diffuses across alveolar membrane into the blood stream of capillaries

41. B. Hemoglobin (Hb)
a. Oxygen is not very soluble, so it binds to the carrier hemoglobin on the RBC.

42. Hemoglobin
b. Hb + O2  HbO2 (oxyhemoglobin)

43. Hemoglobin c. The hemoglobin contains iron, this is where O2 attaches.
d. Iron  Hb  RBC

44. C. CO poisoning a. Carbon monoxide: colorless, odorless
b. Attached to Hb before oxygen does and you suffocate

45. D. Hyperventilating
Breathing faster and/or deeper than normal usually from anxiety or stress
Build up of too much oxygen and not enough CO₂

46. 54. Other Respiratory Issues
A. Pneumonia – inflammation of the alveoli, fluids accumulate, difficult to breathe

47. Other Respiratory Issues
B. Emphysema – alveoli lose elasticity and stay inflated, difficult to breathe

48. Other Respiratory Issues
C. Cystic Fibrosis – inherited, thick, sticky mucus accumulates in lungs

49. Yawning
What causes yawning? Still not sure!

50. Hiccups Diaphragm becomes irritated: eating too quickly or too much
irritation in stomach or throat
feeling nervous or excited

51. Labeling the Respiratory System