1. Photosynthesis Review

2. What is photosynthesis?
-Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and certain other organisms use the energy of light to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. -The glucose can be used in cellular respiration, used structurally (cellulose), or stored (starch).

3. Glucose source for animals
-Humans and other animals depend on glucose as an energy source, but they are unable to produce it on their own and must rely ultimately on the glucose produced by plants.
-Photosynthesis provides the basic energy source for virtually all organisms.

4. Take a breath…
-An extremely important byproduct of photosynthesis is oxygen, the same oxygen humans and other animals breathe. -Plants increase the net supply of oxygen because they produce more oxygen in photosynthesis than they actually consume in cellular respiration.

5. Overall Equation for Photosynthesis

6. Pigments of plants -This makes them appear "colorful".
-Pigments are chemical compounds which reflect only certain wavelengths of visible light.
-This makes them appear "colorful".

7. Pigments
-Plants gather the sun’s energy with these light-absorbing molecules.
-The plants’ principal pigment is chlorophyll.

8. Leaf structures
- A leaf takes in carbon dioxide through openings called stomata, small pores on the underside of the leaf. Stomata open to let carbon dioxide in and oxygen out. They close to prevent water loss when temperatures are high.
-Water enters through the roots into tube like vascular tissue where it is transported to the cells where it is needed.

9. Where does photosynthesis occur?
-Photosynthesis occurs in leaves and green stems within specialized cell structures called chloroplasts that surround the central vacuole. -One plant leaf is composed of tens of thousands of cells, and each cell contains 40 to 50 chloroplasts.

10. Energy Collection
-Because light is a form of energy, any compound that absorbs light absorbs energy. Chlorophyll absorbs visible light especially well.
-When chlorophyll absorbs light, a large fraction of the light energy is transferred to electrons.
-Chlorophyll’s high-energy electrons are the key to photosynthesis working.

11. Stages Photosynthesis is divided into two stages:
1. Light –dependent reactions
2. Light-independent reactions (also called the Calvin Cycle)

13. Light-Dependent Reaction
-In the first stage, the light-dependent reaction, the chloroplast traps light energy in electrons found in chlorophyll, exciting the electrons. The electrons are passed to the ETC, where they are converted into chemical energy to be used in the second stage of photosynthesis.

14. Light-Dependent Reactions

15. Oxygen Production
-A source of electrons to replace those lost by chlorophyll to the ETC is needed.
-Enzymes break water into H+ ions (passed to ETC), electrons (back to chlorophyll), and oxygen gas.
- This oxygen released is the source of nearly all the oxygen in our atmosphere.

16. Summary of Light-Dependent Reactions
-The light-dependent reactions produce oxygen gas and ATP, which provides the energy needed to build high-energy sugars from low-energy carbon dioxide in the next stage.

17. Light-Independent Reactions
-No light is required to power the light-independent reactions, but products of the first stage are used.
-The light-independent reactions take place outside the thylakoids, in the stroma.

18. Light-Independent Reactions
-During light-independent reactions, ATP is used to produce high-energy sugars(stable) from carbon dioxide.
-Also known as the Calvin Cycle….

19. Summary of the Calvin Cycle

20. Summary of the Calvin Cycle
-When other organisms eat plants, they can use the energy and raw materials stored in plants.
- A single six carbon sugar is produced, but 6 carbon dioxide molecules are removed from the atmosphere to make it.

21. The End Results
-The two sets of photosynthetic reactions work together—the light-dependent reactions trap the energy of sunlight in chemical form, and the light-independent reactions use that chemical energy to produce stable, high-energy sugars from carbon dioxide and water.
In the process, animals, including humans, get food and an atmosphere filled with oxygen.

22. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?
-Among the most important factors that affect photosynthesis are
1.Temperature
2. light intensity
3. availability of water

23. Temperature, Light, and Water
-The reactions of photosynthesis are made possible by enzymes that function best between 0°C and 35°C.
-Temperatures above or below this range may affect those enzymes, slowing down the rate of photosynthesis or stopping it entirely.

24. Temperature, Light, and Water
-High light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis.
-After the light intensity reaches a certain level, however, the plant reaches its maximum rate of photosynthesis, as is seen in the graph.

25. Temperature, Light, and Water
-Because water is one of the raw materials in photosynthesis, a shortage of water can slow or even stop photosynthesis and damage plant tissues.
-Plants that live in dry conditions often have waxy coatings on their leaves to reduce water loss. They may also have biochemical adaptations that make photosynthesis more efficient under dry conditions.

26. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food.

27. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
The release of energy by cellular respiration takes place in plants, animals, fungi, protists, and most bacteria.
Energy capture by photosynthesis occurs only in plants, algae, and some bacteria.

28. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite processes.
The energy flows in opposite directions. Photosynthesis “deposits” energy, and cellular respiration “withdraws” energy.
The reactants of cellular respiration are the products of photosynthesis and vice versa.

29. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration