1. Long lasting change in behavior, due to experience
Learning
Long lasting change in behavior, due to experience

2. Classical Conditioning crash course khanacademy
Ivan Pavlov
studied digestion of dogs
noticed dogs would salivate before they were given food (triggered by sounds, lights etc…)
concluded: dogs must have LEARNED to salivate in response to stimuli other than the food
Click above to see a reenactment of Pavlov’s experiments.

3. Classical Conditioning
This is passive learning.
First, we need an unconditional relationship.
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) - something that elicits a natural, reflexive response
Unconditioned Response (UCR) - response to the UCS

4. Classical Conditioning
Next, we choose a neutral stimulus (something that by itself elicits no response).
We present the stimulus with the UCS a whole bunch of times.

5. Classical Conditioning
After a while, the body begins to link together the neutral stimulus with the UCS.
Acquisition

6. Classical Conditioning
We know learning takes places when the previously neutral stimulus provokes the response.
At this point, the neutral stimulus is now a conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned response becomes the conditioned response (CR).

7. Classical Conditioning
Acquisition is not permanent.
The moment the CS is no longer associated with the UCS, we have EXTINCTION.

8. Spontaneous Recovery
Sometimes, after extinction, the CR will randomly appear when CS is presented.

9. Classical Conditioning Examples
See if you can identify the UCS, UCR, CS and CR.
Click above to see classical conditioning as portrayed in The Office.
Click above to see classical conditioning in a high school student’s own “experiment”.

10. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE: UCS ? UCR? CS? CR?
You typically take showers in the locker room after practice. During one such shower, you hear someone flushing a nearby toilet. Suddenly, extremely hot water rushes out of the shower head, causing serious discomfort. As you continue the shower, you hear another toilet flush and immediately jump out form under the shower head.

11. UCS? UCR? CS? CR?
Your mother prepared a tuna sandwich for your lunch. Unfortunately, the mayonnaise she used had been left out too long and was spoiled. Not long after eating, you felt extremely nauseated and had to rush to the bathroom. Thereafter, the mere mention of a tuna sandwich sent you scurrying to the bathroom with a hurting stomach.

12. UCS? UCR? CS? CR?
You were happy when you heard your family's plan to go to a water show. Then you heard the weather report, which predicted temperatures exceeding 100 degrees. As you watched the water skiers perform routines to blaring organ music, you got more and more sweaty and uncomfortable. Eventually, you fainted from the heat. After the family outing you could never again hear organ music without feeling a little dizzy.

13. Classical Conditioning and Humans
John Watson brought classical conditioning to psychology with his “Baby Albert” experiment.
Click the image to the left to see footage from the “Baby Albert” experiment.

14. Generalization and Discrimination khanacademy
Something is so similar to the CS that there is the CR.
Something is so different from the CS there is no CR.

15. Garcia and Koelling Study
Studied rats / conditioning
Conclusion #1 - Even if sickened several hours later, rats developed taste aversions.
Conclusion #2 – Rats developed aversions to taste, but not sight, sound, etc. CS
UCS CR
Loud Noise
Radiation (nausea)
NONE
Sweet Water
Shock
Avoid Water

16. Taste Aversions
In cases of food paired with nausea & sickness, conditioning is incredibly strong.
even when food and sickness are hours apart

17. Contingency Model Robert Rescorla
revised Pavlov’s classical conditioning model
starts with the realization that something must account for the ability to discriminate between stimuli
emphasized the role of cognitive processes during acquisition
said that classical conditioning “is not a stupid process by which the organism willy- nilly forms associations between any two stimuli that happen to occur.”

18. Operant Conditioning start @ 5:47
The Learner is NOT passive.
Learning based on consequence!!!
khan academy
Big Bang

19. The Law of Effect Edward Thorndike Locked cats in crates
Behavior changes because of its consequences
Rewards strengthen behavior
If consequences are unpleasant, the stimulus- reward connection will weaken.
Called the whole process instrumental learning
Click picture to see a better explanation of the Law of Effect.

20. B.F. Skinner Operant Conditioning
Emphasized nurture (environment) and the minimal role of free-will / mental processes.
Used a “Skinner Box” (Operant Conditioning Chamber) to prove his concepts.

21. Skinner Box

22. Reinforcers khanacademy
A reinforcer is anything that strengthens (increases) a behavior
Positive Reinforcement:
The addition of something pleasant
Negative Reinforcement:
The removal of something unpleasant

23. Positively or Negatively Reinforced?
Studying for a test.
Putting your seatbelt on.
Taking an aspirin.
Receiving a kiss for doing the dishes.
Faking sick and avoiding AP Psych class.
Breaking out of jail.

24. + Positive - Negative Reinforcement Punishment
Gives something to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated (the subject wants this thing/condition)
Takes something to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated (the subject does not want this thing/condition)
Gives something to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated (the subject does not want this thing/condition)
Takes something to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated (the subject would like to have this thing/condition)