1. Introduction to pragmatics

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The study of speaker’s utterance
It interprets what the speaker means.
Introduction to Pragmatics-

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Sentence vs. utterance
What’s the difference?
Introduction to Pragmatics-

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Sentence vs. utterance
Sentence : the largest grammatical unit, consisting of phrases and/or clauses, used to express a statement, question, command, etc.
Utterance : a sentence which is spoken in a particular context by a certain speaker and is directed to a hearer.
Introduction to Pragmatics-

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6. The elements of communication
According to Cook (1990), a context of language use consists of several factors:
The addresser: the person who originates the message.
The addressee: the person to whom the message is addressed.
Introduction to Pragmatics-

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The channel: the medium through which the message travels: sound waves, marks on paper, telephone wires, word processor screens.
The message form: the grammatical and lexical choices of the message.
The topic: the information carried in the topic.
The code: the language or dialect
The setting: the social or physical context.
Introduction to Pragmatics-

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A: I have a fourteen year
old son
B: Well that's all right.
A: I also have a dog
B: Oh I'm sorry. .
Introduction to Pragmatics-

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A: I have a fourteen year old son B: Well that's all right. A: I also have a dog B: Oh I'm sorry. .
A is trying to rent an apartment from B (the owner of the apartment, the janitor=ibu kost). When we read or hear pieces of language, we normally try to understand not only what the words mean, but what the writer or speaker of those words intended to convey.
Introduction to Pragmatics-

11. The Interpretation of Linguistic Messages
based on:
knowledge of the meaning of the word
knowledge about the context
e.g. FALL BABY SALE
Introduction to Pragmatics-

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Context
linguistic context or co-text:
set of other words used in the same phrase or context
physical context: if the location will influence interpretation
Introduction to Pragmatics-

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Example in Bahasa
A: Saya Es Jeruk.
B: Iya, sebentar ya.
A: Saya Dibakar dan dibungkus
B: Iya, Boss, Silakan duduk.
Introduction to Pragmatics-

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Deictic Expressions
Can not be interpreted unless the physical context is known.
Examples: here, there, this, that, then, yesterday, as well as most pronouns, such as I,you, him, her them
Introduction to Pragmatics-

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Presupposition
What a speaker assumes is true or known by the hearer
E.g. : ‘Your brother is waiting for you.‘  obvious presupposition that you have a brother.
Introduction to Pragmatics-

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Speech Acts
Austin (1962), How to do things with words.
Actions such as requesting, informing, commanding, questioning
We use linguistic forms with the functions (speech acts)
Introduction to Pragmatics-

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locutionary meaning
speaker‘s utterance
Introduction to Pragmatics-

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illocutionary force
speaker‘s intention
Introduction to Pragmatics-

28. perlocutionary impact
hearer‘s reaction
E.g. A:Do you smoke?
B: Yes, thanks.
A: I wasn’t offering, just asking.
Introduction to Pragmatics-

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instances
Locution: “I have much money at now”
Illocution: an act of offering the hearer to ask for money, borrow some money, or have a dinner treat, depending on context.
Perlocution: the hearer asks for some money, or asks for a dinner treat.
Introduction to Pragmatics-

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instances
Locution: “You have eye inflammation”
(radang mata).
Illocution: an act of ordering the hearer to go to an opthalmologist to have eye examination or to treat the eye, depending on context.
Perlocution: the hearer goes to an opthalmologist or treats the eye.
Introduction to Pragmatics-

31. Grice (1975): The co-operative principle
4 Maxims:
quantity
quality
relation
manner
Introduction to Pragmatics-

32. The co-operative principle
QUANTITY: make your contribution as informative as required, but not more or less than required
Introduction to Pragmatics-

33. The co-operative principle
QUALITY: do not say which you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence
Introduction to Pragmatics-

34. The co-operative principle
RELATION: be relevant
Introduction to Pragmatics-

35. The co-operative principle
MANNER: be clear, brief and orderly
Introduction to Pragmatics-