1. Biochemistry

2. Carbon Compounds
Most molecules from living organisms are made from Carbon
2/3 of your dry weight is carbon
Organic Compounds: made of primarily carbon atoms
Inorganic Compounds: usually do not contain carbon

3. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates: organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Provide energy for cells
Ratio: 2 hydrogen to 1 carbon and 1 oxygen

4. Carbohydrates Cont… Monosaccharide: simple sugar
C₆H₁₂O₆
Fructose and glucose
Disaccharide: double sugar
Fructose + glucose = sucrose
Polysaccharide: complex sugar (3 or more monosaccharides)
Glycogen and starches

6. Proteins
Proteins: organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Formed from the linking of many amino acids

7. Amino Acids Amino Acids: basic building block of protein
Come in different shapes to carry out different functions
20 amino acids needed for all life forms

8. Enzymes Enzymes: molecules that act as biological catalysts
Catalysts: substances that speed up chemical reactions
Substrate: the material being catalyzed
Enzymes only work in normal living conditions

9. Lipids Lipids: non-polar organic molecules Hydrophobic
Fat, steroids, waxes and pigments
Store more energy than carbohydrates

10. Fatty Acids Fatty Acids: un-branched carbon chains
One end is hydrophobic the other is hydrophilic
Most lipids are fatty acids

11. Fatty Acids Cont…
Saturated: All carbons are “saturated” with hydrogen atoms
Examples: milk, butter, cheese, coconut oil, meat, eggs
Usually found in solid form

12. Fatty Acids Cont… Unsaturated: some carbons are lacking hydrogen atoms
Examples: most oils, fish, avocados, olives
Usually found in liquid form

13. Lipids Triglycerides (FATS): 3 fatty acids joined to a a glycerol
Butter, meat, cheese

14. Phospholipids Phospholipids: 2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol
Makes up cell membranes

15. Waxes Waxes: long fatty acid chain Structural, protection
Plant leaves, ear wax

16. Steroids Steroids: 4 carbon rings joined Make up hormones
Cholesterol: needed for cell and nerve function

17. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids: store and transfer information in cells
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA):
Contains information of the organism
Ribonucleic acid (RNA):
Stores & transfers information from DNA
Nucleotide: building block of Nucleic Acids
Phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, & nitrogenous base