1. Cells, Chromosomes and DNA

2. Reproduction would not be possible without division of cells and the distribution of genetic material (DNA).
All body cells are capable of division called mitosis

3. this is not used for reproduction but for growth and replacement of damaged cells

4. CELL CYCLE

5. represents the events during the life span of a cell
consists of Interphase, Mitosis and Cytokinesis

6. Interphase: is a period of nondivision. It consists of:
cell growth
DNA synthesis (single stranded chromosomes become double stranded)

7. Mitosis : is a period of active division of both nuclear and cellular contents.

8. TERMINOLOGY

9. CHROMOSOMES are hereditary structures located in the nucleus that contain instructions needed for all cellular activities.
CHROMATIN is fine threadlike material made from all the chromosomes in the nucleus. Chromosomes are in this form before and after mitosis.

10. GENES are distinct sets of instructions on each chromosome; each gene codes for one specific trait or instruction.
DNA is the chemical that makes up each gene on each chromosome.

12. NUCLEIC ACIDS are the chemicals that makeup DNA.
HAPLOID: a cell that contains half the normal number of chromosomes ex: a gamete (sperm or egg)
DIPLOID: a cell containing the full complement of chromosomes

14. DIAGRAM OF A CHROMOSOME:
In the Nucleus
Chromatin

15. DIAGRAM OF A CHROMOSOME:
In the Nucleus
Chromatin
Chromosomes

16. DIAGRAM OF A CHROMOSOME:
Single
stranded
In the Nucleus
Chromatin
Centromere
Chromosomes
Chromatid

17. DIAGRAM OF A CHROMOSOME:
Single
stranded
In the Nucleus
Chromatin
Centromere
Chromosomes
Double
stranded
chromosome

18. MITOSIS:
through a series of steps, sister chromatids separate and the cell divides into two daughter cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent and an equal amount of cellular contents (organelles and cytoplasm)

19. There are 5 stages of mitosis:

20. 1. PROPHASE:
chromatin changes into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane dissolves
centrioles organelles that provide attachment for spindle fibers, move to opposite poles of the cell.
spindle fibers attach to each centromere

21. spindle fibers are small fibers that attach to the centromere of each chromosome; they contract and pull each chromatid to opposite poles in later phases.

22. Nuclear Membrane
dissolving
Centriole

24. 2. METAPHASE:
chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate (the center of the cell) by the tugging of spindle fibers that are attached to each centromere.

25. Chromosomes
Spindle
Fibers

27. 3. ANAPHASE:
centromeres divide and each sister chromatid is pulled to opposite poles
the same number of chromatids will be found at each pole

28. separate at the centromere
Sister Chromatids
separate at the centromere

30. 4. TELOPHASE: chromosomes dissolve at each pole, into chromatin
a nuclear membrane forms around each chromatin mass.

31. Two Nuclei begin to form

32. 5. CYTOKINESIS: cytoplasm and cell organelles separate
cleavage furrow forms in animal cells to divide the parent cell into two new daughter cells.
cell plate forms in plant cells

33. Two Identical Daughter Cells