1. Glacial Deposition Glacial Drift – general term for glacial deposits
Till – direct ice deposits left as sorted or unstratified debris
Stratified drift – sediments deposited by glacial meltwater sorted by size
Glacial erratics – large rocks (boulders) left behind by ice movement

2. Moraines Created by the deposition of glacial sediment Several types:
Lateral moraine – forms along the side of a glacier
Medial moraine – forms where two lateral moraines join together
Terminal moraine – eroded debris dropped at a glacier's farthest extent
End moraine – formed where a glacier paused after reaching a point of equilibrium

4. Continental Glacier Deposition
Lacks the intricate features of alpine glaciers
Lateral and medial moraines are not found in continental glaciers
Till plains form behind end moraines
Low & rolling relief
Coarse sediment that is unstratified
Outwash plains are found beyond morainal deposits
Kettle lakes can form as a result of sediment accumulating around a large ice block
Steep sided hole
Walden Pond in Mass.
Streamlined hills can form
Roche moutonnee – erosional hill formations
Drumlins – depositional hill formations

7. Roche Moutonnee

9. Periglacial Landscapes
Periglacial refers to weathering from freeze-thaw seasonality
Near-permanent ice cover or at high altitudes with little to no snowfall
Permafrost
Frost action
Ground ice
Commonly found in high latitude (tundra) climates or in high elevation (alpine) climates

10. Permafrost
Develops when soil or rock temperatures remain below 0*C for at least 2 years
Based solely on temperature, not water content
Continuous permafrost – perennial in nature
Discontinuous permafrost – unconnected patches of permafrost
Permafrost is absent on southward (sun) facing slopes, areas of warm soil, or areas insulated by snow

11. Permafrost Features Active layer Talik
Seasonally frozen/thawed ground between subsurface permafrost layer & ground surface
Subjected to daily freeze-thaw cycles
Higher temperature results in thicker active layer
Lower temperature thins active layer & increase permafrost thickness
Talik
unfrozen ground that may occur above, below, or within a body of discontinuous permafrost

13. Ground-Ice Frozen subsurface water found in regions of permafrost
Freezing front
Boundary between frozen and unfrozen soil
Associated with frost action
occurs when sufficient water freezes and expands saturated soils and rocks
Frost heaving (vertical movement)
Frost thrusting (horizontal movement)
Ice wedges develop when water enters a crack in the ground and freezes
Range in size, but can become significant over long periods of time

15. Gelifluction Similar process to solifluction
Flow of soil due to saturation
Occurs as a result of poor soil drainage in areas of permafrost or ground ice
Can result in flattening a landscape
Identifiable sagging surface patterns
Easily identifiable among human constructions

19. Paleoclimatology & Ice Ages
Ice Age – a time of generally cold climate that includes one or more glacials, interrupted by brief warm spells known as interglacials
Ice cores provide evidence for past climate fluctuations
Obtained through oxygen isotope analysis
Analysis of past climate events helps us understand present conditions on the planet

21. Medieval Warm Period & Little Ice Age

22. Glacial Advance & Retreat in the Great Lakes

23. Paleolakes