1. Capacity-Approaching Codes for Reversible Data Hiding Weiming Zhang, Biao Chen, and Nenghai Yu Department of Electrical Engineering & Information Science University of Science and Technology of China Information Hiding Conference 2011

2. What is reversible data hiding? The original cover can be losslessly restored after the embedded information is extracted. Introduction message stego cover data embedding data extraction & cover restoration cover message 2

3. What is reversible data hiding? The original cover can be losslessly restored after the embedded information is extracted. Why is reversible data hiding needed? In some applications, even any degradation of the original cover is not allowed, such as medical imagery, military imagery and law forensics. Introduction Where is reversible data hiding applied? Media annotation; integrity authentication... 3

4. How to do reversible data hiding? Type-I: Binary feature sequence, generic compression method (e.g., arithmetic coder); Type-II: Integer operations: Difference Expansion (DE) or Histogram Shifting (HS) specific compression manner for the histogram Introduction 4

5. Type-I: Basic model [Kalker] d modifications Embedding rate: Distortion: How to maximize embedding rate under any given distortion? A rate-distortion problem 5

6. Introduction Theoretical upper bound [Kalker] 6

7. Recursive Code construction [Kalker] Key idea: the marked cover can be used to reconstruct the cover Introduction 7

8. Observation I Not only the marked cover can be used to reconstruct the cover, but also the reconstructed cover can help to extract message. Two observations 8

9. 9 Observation II

10. The maximum capacity is achieved at D=p 0 1/2; When D p 0 1/2, the optimal embedding manner is that only 0s are allowed to be changed. (Corollary 1 of Theorem 2, [Kalker]) Our strategy: Only embed data into 0s and skip 1s; At the decoder side, the embedding positions can be recognized with the help of reconstructed cover. Two observations 10

11. RZL coding (reverse zero-run length) [Wong] How to embed data into all-zero cover Our method: improve RZL by the idea of ZZW construction A construction consists of two layers: The outer layer: only embed one bit; The inner layer: when embedding bit 1 in the outer layer, embed another k bits with RZL; otherwise skip 2 k zeros. Message is divided into disjoint segments of k bits, each of which is converted to a integer d [0,2 k -1]; skip d zeros in the cover, and flip the (d+1)th zero. 11

12. Example: k = 2 How to embed data into all-zero cover 12

13. How to embed data into all-zero cover 13

14. Proposed method Improved coding for all-zero cover Improved recursive construction x 1 : 0 1 y 1 : 0 1 1 14

15. Example 2 (follows Example 1) Proposed method 15

16. Comparison: Embedding efficiency vs. embedding rate Embedding efficiency e is defined as number of bits embedded by unit distortion, i.e. e=ρ/Δ=L/d. 16

17. Comparison: Embedding efficiency vs. embedding rate 17

18. Improving Type-I Schemes (embedding in binary feature sequences) 1. Improving RS method for spatial images [Fridrich] Texture complexity of pixel blocks is used to construct binary feature sequence. 18

19. Improving Type-I Schemes 1. Improving RS scheme for spatial images [Fridrich] 19

20. Improving Type-I Schemes 2. Improving the scheme for JPEG images [Fridrich] quantized DCT coefficients with value 0 and 1 are used as binary feature sequence. 20

21. 2. Improving the scheme for JPEG images [Fridrich] Improving Type-I Schemes 21

22. 3. Improving PS scheme for binary images [Ho] Patterns of 4- length vector in difference image are used as binary sequence. Y.-A. Ho, et al., ``High capacity reversible data hiding in binary images using pattern substitution, Computer Standards and Interfaces, 2009. Test images Improving Type-I Schemes 22

23. Improving Type-I Schemes 3. Improving PS scheme for binary images 23

24. Improving Type-I Schemes 3. Improving PS scheme for binary images Embed 260 bits (a) Marked by PS (b) Marked by improved PS 24

25. Improving Type-II Scheme Improving HS-based scheme for spatial images [Luo] L. X. Luo, et al., ``Reversible Image Watermarking Using Interpolation Technique," IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics and Security, 2010. The proposed codes is used at the second embedding stage. Extension by embedding with two bins. 25

26. Improving Type-II Schemes 3. Improving HS-based scheme for spatial images (a) Lenna 26

27. Improving Type-II Schemes 3. Improving HS-based scheme for spatial images (b) Baboon 27

28. Improving Type-II Schemes 3. Improving HS-based scheme for spatial images (c) Boat 28

29. Future work: Integer-domain reversible data hiding Conclusion: An improved coding method for all-zero cover An improved recursive construction A reversible data hiding method for binary cover 29

30. Thank you for your attention! 30