1. LIGHT

3. Refraction
Refraction Fact #1: As light goes from one medium to another, the velocity CHANGES!
Refraction Fact #2: As light goes from one medium to another, the path CHANGES!

4. Refraction – Going from Air to Water
If a light ray goes from a LOW refractive Index (FAST MEDIUM) to a HIGH refractive index (SLOW MEDIUM), it’s speed DECREASES and the angle BENDS TOWARDS the normal

5. Refraction – Going from Water into Air
If you are going from a HIGH refractive index to a LOW refractive index, your speed INCREASES and the angle BENDS AWAY the normal

6. Apparent Depth Prac
Coin and Fish

7. Why does it look bent away from normal and not towards??
Light from the lower part of the ruler is travelling into a region of lower optical density (air), and so has been bent away from the normal.
The image in the water is actually an illusion—an image our brain constructs based on where light from the lower part of the ruler appears to come from.
It assumes that the light travelled in a perfectly straight line, even though it didn’t.

8. Lenses There are two main types of lenses:
• convex lenses—these curve outwards and are fatter in the middle
• concave lenses—these curve inwards (a little like a cave) and are thinner in the middle.
Convex lenses Concave Lenses

9. Lenses – An application of refraction
There are 2 basic types of lenses
A diverging lens (concave) takes light rays and spreads them outward.
A converging lens (Convex)
takes light rays and bring
them to a point.

10. Movement of Light through Lenses
CONVEX LENS
In a convex lens, an incoming ray parallel to the principal axis is refracted through the principal focus (F).

11. Concave Lens
In a concave lens, an incoming ray parallel to the principal axis is refracted so that it appears to come from the principal focus (F).

12. Movement of Light through a Lens
The distance from the centre line (plane) of the lens to the principal focus is called the focal length of the lens.
A ray passing through the centre of either type of lens is unaffected.
As with all images, rays of light that come from a part of the object come together again at that same part of the image.

13. Focal Length
The greater the curvature of a lens, the more it bends light and hence the shorter the focal length.

14. Image type and Location
Convex lenses produce two different types of images, depending on where the object is located.
If the object is at a distance greater than the focal length of the lens, a real image is formed.
A real image can be projected onto a screen

15. Convex Lenses
If the object is at a distance less than the focal length of the lens, a virtual image is formed.
This image can’t be projected onto a screen.

16. Concave Lenses
Concave lenses produce only virtual images.

17. Finding the focal length
Rays coming into a lens from a distant object are almost parallel and form an image very close to the focus.
We can then measure the distance from lens to image to determine the focal length of the lens.

19. Eye ball prac