1. Capacitance and Dielectrics Test: Wednesday 2/27
AP Physics C

2. Applications of Electric Potential
Storing Charges- Capacitors
A capacitor consists of 2 conductors of any shape placed near one another without touching. It is common; to fill up the region between these 2 conductors with an insulating material called a dielectric. We charge these plates with opposing charges to
set up an electric field.

3. Capacitors in Kodak Cameras
When a voltage is applied to an empty capacitor, current flows through the capacitor and each side of the capacitor becomes charged. The two sides have equal and opposite charges. When the capacitor is fully charged, the current stops flowing. The collected charge is then ready to be discharged and when you press the flash it discharges very quickly released it in the form of light.
Cylindrical Capacitor

4. Capacitance
In the picture below, the capacitor is symbolized by a set of parallel lines. Once it's charged, the capacitor has the same voltage as the battery (1.5 volts on the battery means 1.5 volts on the capacitor) The difference between a capacitor and a battery is that a capacitor can dump its entire charge in a tiny fraction of a second, where a battery would take minutes to completely discharge itself. That's why the electronic flash on a camera uses a capacitor -- the battery charges up the flash's capacitor over several seconds, and then the capacitor dumps the full charge into the flash tube almost instantly

5. Parallel-Plate Capacitor+Q -Q
A simple parallel-plate capacitor consists of two conducting plates of area A separated by a distance d.
A net charge +Q is placed on one plate and –Q on the other plate.
An electric field E is created between the plates.

6. Electric Potential for Conducting Sheets
Using Gauss’ Law we derived and equation to define the electric field as we move radially away from the charged sheet or plate. Electric Potential? + +
E =0 + + + +
This expression will be particularly useful later +

7. Measuring Capacitance
Let’s go back to thinking about plates!
The unit for capacitance is the FARAD, F.

8. Capacitance
This was derived from integrating the Gauss’ Law expression for a conducting plate.
These variables represent a constant of proportionality between voltage and charge.
What this is saying is that YOU CAN change the capacitance even though it represents a constant. That CHANGE, however, can only happen by physically changing the GEOMETRY of the capacitor itself.

9. Capacitor Geometry
The capacitance of a capacitor depends on HOW you make it.

10. Capacitance for a Spherical Capacitor

11. Capacitance for an Isolated Sphere
For an isolated sphere, b would be very large, so a/b = 0, leaving us with

12. Capacitance for a Cylindrical Capacitor

13. Capacitor Problems
What is the AREA of a 1F capacitor that has a plate separation of 1 mm?
Is this a practical capacitor to build?
NO! – How can you build this then?
The answer lies in REDUCING the AREA. But you must have a CAPACITANCE of 1 F. How can you keep the capacitance at 1 F and reduce the Area at the same time?
1.13x108 m2
10629 m
Add a DIELECTRIC!!!

14. Dielectric
The dielectric is an insulating material placed between the conductors to help store the charge. In the previous example we assumed there was NO dielectric and thus a vacuum between the plates.
All insulating materials have a dielectric constant associated with it. Here now you can reduce the AREA and use a LARGE dielectric to establish the capacitance at 1 F.

15. Capacitors “STORE” energy
Anytime you have a situation where energy is “STORED” it is called POTENTIAL. In this case we have capacitor potential energy, Uc
Suppose we plot a V vs. Q graph. If we wanted to find the AREA we would MULTIPLY the 2 variables according to the equation for Area.
A = bh
When we do this we get Area = VQ
Let’s do a unit check!
Voltage = Joules/Coulomb
Charge = Coulombs
Area =
ENERGY

16. Potential Energy of a Capacitor
Since the AREA under the line is a triangle, the ENERGY(area) =1/2VQ
This energy or area is referred as the potential energy stored inside a capacitor.
Note: The slope of the line is the inverse of the capacitance.
most common form

17. Energy Storage in Capacitors
Since capacitors store electric charge, they store electric potential energy.
Consider a capacitor with capacitance C, potential difference V and charge q.
The work dW required to transfer an elemental charge dq to the capacitor:
The work required to charge capacitor from q=0 to q=Q:

18. Energy Stored by a Capacitor
By the work-energy theorem, the potential energy stored by a capacitor is equal to the work done in placing a charge on it.
Energy may be stored in an electric field.
Many electrical and electronic devices use capacitors for temporary energy storage.

19. Stored Energy Density of a Charged Capacitor
Parallel-Plate Capacitor:
Stored Energy:
Stored Energy Density
in the Electric Field:

20. Many non-conducting materials become ionized in very high electric fields and become conductors. This phenomenon, called dielectric breakdown, occurs in air at an electric field greater than about 3 x 106 V/m. The magnitude of the electric field for which dielectric breakdown occurs in a material is called the dielectric strength of that material.
Bassim Oshiba
Joiner Physics II

21. Capacitors are limited by the dielectric strength of air
Capacitors are limited by the dielectric strength of air. To increase the capacitance of a capacitor and also provide a means for keeping conducting plates apart, an insulating material, called a dielectric, such as glass, paper, or mineral oil can be introduced between the plates.
Bassim Oshiba
Joiner Physics II

22. So what happens when you introduce a dielectric into a capacitor?
Molecules with a permanent electric dipole moment, showing their random orientation in the absence of an external electric field.
An electric field is applied, producing partial alignment of the dipoles. Thermal agitation complete alignment.

24. If the charge on the capacitor plates is maintained as in the case, the effect of a dielectric is to reduce the potential difference between the plates.

25. (Gauss’ law with dielectric)
In a region completely filled by a dielectric material of dielectric constant k, all electrostatic equations containing the permittivity constant are to be modified by replacing ε˳with kε˳
The capacitance is increased by a numerical factor, K, called the dielectric constant,
(Gauss’ law with dielectric)

26. Dielectrics є = κ єo = permittivity of the material.
A dielectric is an insulating material (e.g. paper, plastic, glass, air).
A dielectric placed between the conductors of a capacitor increases its capacitance by a factor κ, called the dielectric constant.
C= κ Co (Co=capacitance without dielectric)
For a parallel-plate capacitor:
є = κ єo = permittivity of the material.
The atoms in the dielectric material become polarized, increasing the energy stored in the electric field.

27. Properties of Dielectric Materials
Dielectric strength is the maximum electric field that a dielectric can withstand without becoming a conductor.
Dielectric materials
increase capacitance.
increase electric breakdown potential of capacitors.
provide mechanical support.
Material
Dielectric Constant κ
Dielectric Strength (V/m)
air
1.0006
3 x 106
paper
3.7
15 x 106
mica 7
150 x 106
strontium titanate
300
8 x 106

28. Stop here and finish notes on Tuesday

29. Combinations of Capacitors
When there is a combination of capacitors in a circuit, we can sometimes replace that combination with an equivalent capacitor, that is a single capacitor that has the same capacitance as the actual combination of capacitors.

30. Using MORE than 1 capacitor
Let’s say you decide that 1 capacitor will not be enough to build what you need to build. You may need to use more than 1. There are 2 basic ways to assemble them together
Series – One after another
Parallel – between a set of junctions and parallel to each other.

31. Capacitors in Series
Capacitors in series each charge each other by INDUCTION. So they each have the SAME charge. The electric potential on the other hand is divided up amongst them. In other words, the sum of the individual voltages will equal the total voltage of the battery or power source.

32. Capacitors in Parallel
In a parallel configuration, the voltage is the same because ALL THREE capacitors touch BOTH ends of the battery. As a result, they split up the charge amongst them.