1. Reactions of Hydrocarbons
Combustion
Addition
Substitution
Esterification
Fermentation
Saponification
Addition Polymerization
Condensation Polymerization

2. Combustion Reaction with oxygen or burning.
O2 is on the reactant side.
Complete combustion of HC produces CO2 & H2O.
Combustion

3. Combustion. Identifying features:
O2, hydrocarbons = reactants
CO2 & H2O = products
C3H8 + 5O2  3CO2 + 4H2O

4. Addition Start with an alkene or alkyne.
Add atoms across the unsaturated bond.
Commonly: hydrogenation or halogenation.
Addition

5. C2H4 + Cl2  C2H4Cl2. Addition: Add across a double (or triple) bond.
One of the reactants is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
One product - saturated
C2H4 + Cl2  C2H4Cl2.

6. Addition: one product. Also one reactant is unsaturated.
CC ClCl  H H    
Cl Cl  
HCCH  
H H
Addition: one product. Also one reactant is unsaturated.

7. Addition: one product. Also one reactant is unsaturated.
CC HH  H H    
H H  
HCCH  
H H
Addition: one product. Also one reactant is unsaturated.

8. Substitution: Replace 1 or more H’s in a saturated hydrocarbon with another atom or group of atoms.
One of the reactants is a saturated hydrocarbon.
Two products
C2H6 + Cl2  C2H5Cl + HCl

9. Substitution: 2 products. Also 1 reactant is saturated.
H H
H Cl
HCCH + Cl2  HCCH        
H H
H H
+ HCl
Substitution: 2 products. Also 1 reactant is saturated.

10. Making an ester Organic Acid + Alcohol  Ester + H2O
Esterification

11. Esterification Organic Acid + Alcohol  Ester + Water
HCCOH + HOCCCH  O
H H H H =
H H H H H  O
H H H =
HCCOCCCH + H2O  H
H H H

12. Fermentation Sugars are broken down into alcohol + CO2
C6H12O6  2 C2H5OH CO2
zymase
carbon dioxide
sugar
ethanol

13. Saponification
Making Soap
Fat + Base  Glycerol + Soap

14. H  C O = H
OCC17H35
NaOH O = H
OCC17H35  + O = H
OCC17H35
FAT Base 
(Triglyceride)

15. H 
COH O =
NaOCC17H35 H O = + H
NaOCC17H35 O H =
NaOCC17H35
Soap
Glycerol

16. Reaction leading to formation of polymers
Polymerization

17. Polymerization Reactions
Addition: start with unsaturated monomers. Everything in reactants goes into polymer. Only 1 product, saturated.
Condensation: monomers containing 2 functional groups combine with the loss of a small by-product, usually H2O.

18. Addition Polymerization
segmer H H
H H H H H H
     
CCCCCC
        n
C=C    H H
Ethene =
monomer n
Polyethylene =
polymer

19. Condensation Polymerization
H H
HOCCOH
H H
HOCCOH +
H H H H
HOCCOCCOH + 
H2O

20. Condensation Polymerization
Split out a small molecule such as H2O.
Monomer has to have a functional group at each end.