1. The Nervous System Major division - Central vs. Peripheral
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Major division - Central vs. Peripheral
Central or CNS- brain and spinal cord
Peripheral- nerves connecting CNS to muscles and organs

2. Peripheral Nervous Systemk e l t a ( o m i c ) y p h P r s A u n N v
key words: peripheral nervous system; skeletal nervous system; somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

3. Somatic System Nerves to/from spinal cord
control muscle movements
Both Voluntary and reflex movements
Skeletal Reflexes
Muscle
Motor
Neuron
Interneuron
Skin receptors
Sensory
Brain

4. Autonomic System Two divisions: Control involuntary functions
sympathetic
Parasympatheitic
Control involuntary functions
heartbeat
blood pressure
respiration
perspiration
digestion
Can be influenced by thought and emotion

5. Sympathetic “ Fight or flight” response
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Brain
Spinal
cord
SYMPATHETIC
Dilates pupil
Stimulates salivation
Relaxes bronchi
Accelerates heartbeat
Inhibits activity
Stimulates glucose
Secretion of adrenaline,
nonadrenaline
Relaxes bladder
Stimulates ejaculation
in male
Sympathetic
ganglia
Salivary
glands
Lungs
Heart
Stomach
Pancreas
Liver
Adrenal
gland
Kidney
“ Fight or flight” response
Release adrenaline and noradrenaline
Increases heart rate and blood pressure
Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles
Inhibits digestive functions
keywords: sympathetic nervous system; fighlt or flight response

6. Parasympathetic “ Rest and digest ” system
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Brain
PARASYMPATHETIC
Spinal
cord
Stimulates salivation
Constricts bronchi
Slows heartbeat
Stimulates activity
Contracts bladder
Stimulates erection
of sex organs
Stimulates gallbladder
Gallbladder
Contracts pupil
“ Rest and digest ” system
Calms body to conserve and maintain energy
Lowers heartbeat, breathing rate, blood pressure
key words: parasympathetic nervous system; rest and digest system

7. Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
Row of 4 example cards set out
Patient is given a deck of 64 different cards
Told to place each card under the one it best matches
key words: frontal lobe; perseverence; Wisconsin Card Sorting task
This slide and the following Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) slides give an example of one of the types of deficits seen in patients with frontal lobe damage. Frontal lobe patients often have problems with perseverance (e.g. switching strategies when an old strategy is ineffective). In the WCST after the patient has figured out the rule (e.g. color) the examiner switches to a new rule (e.g. shape or number). Frontal patients make errors after a rule switch for a longer time than normals, because they perseverate on (fail to inhibit) the old rule.
Told correct or incorrect after each card
Correct!
Must deduce what the underlying rule is.

8. The Nervous System: Summary
Major structures of the nervous
CNS, Somatic, Autonomic
Two hemispheres & 4 lobes
Organization
contralateral input & output
primary sensory areas
motor areas
Commissure
Localization of functions
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System