1. chapter 16-2: regulation of the Endocrine system
Essential Question:
Explain the concept of negative feedback.
chapter 16-2: regulation of the Endocrine system
Learning Targets
Identify structure and function of 3 types of muscle tissue.
Identify the functional characteristics of muscle tissue.
List the functions of muscle
Describe the anatomy of skeletal muscle

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3. Hypothalamus
This is the part of the brain that controls the endocrine system.
It secretes several hormones that act on the pituitary or are only stored in the pituitary.

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5. Target Cell Specificity
Hormones circulate to all tissues but only activate with very specific target cells.
Target cells must have specific receptors to which the hormone binds.
These receptors may be intracellular or located on the plasma membrane.

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7. Types of Hormones Amino acid based (proteins)
Most hormones belong to this class
Steroids:
Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones
Lipid (cholesterol) based

8. Steroid Hormones How a Steroid Hormone Works
Steroids cross the cell membrane.
They travel through the cytoplasm and enter the nucleus.
They then turn on genes (DNA) which then creates a cellular protein (protein synthesis).

9. Amino Acid (Protein) Hormones
How a Protein Hormone Works
Hormone binds to a cell membrane receptor.
This complex binds to another protein in the membrane.
This binding process activates a second messenger and in some cases a third messenger.
The second or third messengers then trigger a response in the cytoplasm of the cell.

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11. Control of Hormone Release
Blood levels of hormones are controlled by negative feedback systems
A negative feedback is a system that stops the production of a molecule

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13. Memorize This Slide Endocrine Disorders Gigantism
High GH; normal body proportion
Acromegaly
High GH; but with enlarged extremities
Dwarfism
Low GH
Diabetes Insipidus
Low ADH; huge urine output

14. High GH
Acromegaly
Gigantism

15. Low GH
Dwarfism
Dwarfism

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17. Endocrine Disorders Hyperthyroidism (over secretion)
This can cause high metabolic rate, increased appetite.
Graves Disease
Autoimmune disease?
It can cause sweating, increased metabolism, protruding eyes.
Hypothyroidism (under secretion)
This can cause low metabolic rate, weight gain, intolerance to heat.
It is called cretinism in babies when severe.
This may be due to lack of iodine, which forms a goiter.

18. Hyperthyroidism & Graves Disease

19. Hyperthyroidism

20. Endocrine Disorders Diabetes Mellitus Hypoglycemia
This is when insulin is either absent or deficient.
These are considered genetic and viral infections.
Hypoglycemia
This can cause anxiety/nervousness.