1. Fracture Repair
Anatomy & Physiology

2. Fracture Repair After reduction, bone is immobilized
Fractures are treated by reduction: the realignment of broken bone ends
Closed reduction: put back into normal alignment by doctor
Open reduction: bones put back in normal alignment and secured with pins or wires – surgery required
After reduction, bone is immobilized

3. Fracture Repair
Internally, the bone begins to heal in four major steps
A hematoma forms: since blood vessels are ruptured during the break, a blood-filled swelling (hematoma) forms.
The break is splinted by a fibrocartilage callus. New capillaries grow at the site of damage. Dead tissue disposed of (phagocytosis). Conn. tissue cells form fibrocartilage callus, closing the gap in the break.

4. Fracture repair
3. Bony callus forms: more osteoclasts & -blasts migrate to area, multiply, and gradually replace fibrocartilage with spongy bone, forming the bony callus. 4. Bone remodeling occurs: bone callus is remodeled, bringing bone back to normal

5. Abnormal Spine Curves
Anatomy & Physiology

6. Kyphosis Exaggeration of thoracic curve,
Can be caused by degeneration of intervertebral discs, rickets, or poor posture

7. Lordosis An exaggeration of the lumbar curve, also called a swayback
Can be caused by increased weight gain during pregnancy, extreme obesity, poor posture, rickets

8. Scoliosis
A sideways bending of the vertebral column, usually in the thoracic region
May be a result of malformed vertebrae, paralysis of muscles on one side, poor posture, one leg being shorter than the other