1. Cellular Respiration Review
C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6CO2 + 6 H2O + 32 ATP
Happens in 3 Stages
Glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
This process requires Oxygen.
How can ATP be produced if Oxygen is not present?

2. Fermentation
Fermentation is a way of harvesting chemical energy that does not require oxygen.
Fermentation
takes advantage of glycolysis,
produces two ATP molecules per glucose, and
reduces NAD+ to NADH.
Fermentation provides an anaerobic path for recycling NADH back to NAD+.

3. Lactic Acid Fermentation
2 NAD
2 NADH
2 Lactate
2 Pyruvate
Glucose
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 P
Glycolysis
Helps muscles regenerate NAD+.
Pyruvate is reduced to form lactate.
This process is used when the need for ATP outpaces the delivery of O2 from the bloodstream.
Blood carries Lactate to the liver where it is converted back into pyruvate and oxidized.

4. Alcohol Fermentation
2 NAD
2 NADH
2 Ethanol
2 Pyruvate
Glucose
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 P
Glycolysis
2 CO2
Used by the baking and winemaking industries for thousands of years.
In this process yeasts (single-celled fungi)
oxidize NADH back to NAD+
convert pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol.

5. Types of Anaerobes Obligate Anaerobes Facultative Anaerobes
Must be in anaerobic conditions and O2 is harmful.
Found in stagnant ponds and deep in the soil.
Facultative Anaerobes
Can use Oxidative Phosphorylation or Fermentation depending on if O2 is available.
Examples are yeast, some bacteria, and even our muscle cells can behave this way

6. Facultative Anaerobes
The end of Glycolysis acts as a fork in the road for Facultative Anaerobes
Oxidative Phosphorylation is used if oxygen is present
Fermentation is used if oxygen is not present
Aerobic Respiration is more productive.
Anaerobic Fermentation- Bozeman (Resources Page)

7. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Examples
Same in Both
Alcohol Fermentation