1. Mountain Building
Sturdivant

2. Forces within Earth
Deformation – any change in a rock’s shape (bending/breaking)
Stress – force acting over some area of rock (tension, compression, and shearing)
Strain – deformation of rock caused by stress
Rocks will deform in different ways depending on temperature, pressure, rock composition, and time

3. Types of deformation
Brittle – at low temperature and pressure, rocks fracture due to stress
Ductile – at higher depths, rock may bend and warp without fracturing

4. Geologic features from stress
During events such as mountain building, huge stresses are applied to rock
These stresses cause folds in the rock
Anticline (see a)
Syncline (see b)
Monocline (see c)

5. More Geologic features from stress
As stresses are often associated with movement, we also see faults where stress is high
Normal Fault – tensional stress
Reverse Fault – compressional stress
Strike-Slip Fault – Shearing Stress

6. Types of mountains
Folds and Faults together form many of the types of mountains on earth
Volcanic Mountain – formed due to igneous activity (Mt. Saint helens)
Folded Mountain – formed by compressional stress (alps)
Fault-Block Mountain - formed by tensional stress (Sierra Nevada)
Dome Mountain – dome shaped, formed as rock is upwarped (Black hills, SD)

7. Mountains at plate boundaries
Convergent boundary mountains – ocean-ocean and ocean- continent convergence produces volcanic arcs (Philippines and the andes mountains)
Folded mountains are formed at ocean-continent boundaries as well, but our most notable folded mountains (Himalayas) form at continent-continent boundaries

8. Mountains at plate boundaries (continued)
divergent boundary mountains – most often at the ocean floor, divergent boundaries allow for magma to rise and form mountains
Non-boundary mountains – some mountains are away from plates (such as Hawaii formed at local hot spots) and… the rocky mountains

9. Formation of rocky mountains