1. REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8-3
REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8-3

2. REMEMBER BIO 1

3. Remember from CELL BIO CHLOROPLASTS
Enzymes for PHOTOSYNTHESIS are in the ________________
CHLOROPLASTS

4. See a video clip about the LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION (Part 1) 8C

5. PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS
1.THYLAKOIDS
= sac-like
photosynthetic = stack of thylakoids
membranes
inside chloroplast
2. GRANUM (pl. grana)
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

6. SPACES 3. THYLAKOID SPACE 4. STROMA cytoplasm
Gel-filled space inside chloroplast surrounding
thylakoid sac
Gel-filled space
Inside the
thylakoid
sac
cytoplasm
Gel-filled space OUTSIDE chloroplast but inside the cell membrane

7. PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS
__________________ are clusters of light absorbing pigments located in the thylakoid membrane.
PHOTOSYSTEMS

8. LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY CARRIERS
Molecule that carries
= _______
Molecule that carries HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS
= ___________
ATP
NADP+
Images by Riedell

9. HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS require a special carrier, too
Frying pan image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS require a special carrier, too
____________ is one
of the carriers that
cells use to transport
high energy electrons.
NADP+
________ + _____ + _____ → ____________
2 e- H+
_______= nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

10. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Oxygen Light & Water
ATP
NADPH
Light-Independent
Reactions

11. LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
INSIDE THYLAKOID SPACE
ATP SYNTHASE ↓
PHOTOSYSTEM II ↓
ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM ↓
PHOTOSYSTEM I
OUTSIDE THYLAKOID IN STROMA
Image modified from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

12. ↓ ↓ WHY DOES PHOTOSYSTEM II COME BEFORE PHOTOSYSTEM I?
It was discovered and named 1st
PHOTOSYSTEM II ↓ ↓
PHOTOSYSTEM I
Image modified from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

13. Step 1 Light is absorbed by photosystem II
The light breaks down water into energized electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen

14. Step 2
High energy electrons from photosystem II travel down the electron transport chain to photosystem I.

15. Step 3 Electrons are energized again in photosystem I
NADP+ use the electrons to form NADPH (goes to the light independent reactions)

16. Step 4
The inside of the thylakoid membrane fills up with + charged H ions.
This makes the outside of the thylakoid membrane – charged and the inside + charged.

17. REMEMBER CELL BIO Molecules move automatically from
REMEMBER CELL BIO
Molecules move
automatically from
“where there’s A LOT”
to “where there’s NOT”
Animatioin from:

18.
REMEMBER CELL BIO
Diffusion happens anytime there is a difference in concentration in one place compared to another
= ________________________
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

19. REMEMBER CELL BIO Diffusion can happen across membranes TOO
REMEMBER CELL BIO
Diffusion can happen across membranes TOO
…as long as membrane will let molecule through

20. Step 5
As the H ions pass through ATP synthase their energy is used to convert ADP into ATP.

21. LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
SEE A MOVIE ATP SYNTHASE IN ACTION
See an animation about the
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

22. LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
Requires ______________
Molecules are part of ________________
Made up of __________________
connected by ______________________
& ___________________
Uses light energy to change
ADP + P → _______
NADP+ + 2e- + H + → _________
Breaks apart ______ molecules and releases _____________
LIGHT
THYLAKOID membranes
PHOTOSYSTEMS II & I
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
ATP SYNTHASE
ATP
NADPH
H20
oxygen

23. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Light & Water Oxygen
ATP
NADPH
(CH2O)n
Carbon Dioxide
Light-Independent Reactions
CALVIN CYCLE

24. PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW
Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Prentice Hall

25. Calvin Cycle CO2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input 5-Carbon Molecules
Regenerated
6-Carbon Sugar
Produced
See Calvin cycle animation
Sugars and other compounds

26. CALVIN CYCLE ____________ require ____________
(also called _________________________)
____________ require ____________
Happens in _________ between thylakoids
NADPH donates _______________
ATP donates _________________
CO2 donates ______________
to make __________
LIGHT INDEPENDENT
DOES NOT
LIGHT
STROMA
Hydrogen + electrons
ENERGY
Carbon & oxygen
GLUCOSE

28. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
AMOUNT OF WATER
____________________
Water is one of the raw materials needed, so
A shortage of water can ________________
photosynthesis
slow or stop
Desert plants and conifers
that live in dry conditions
have a waxy coating on
their leaves to prevent
water loss.

29. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
TEMPERATURE
Photosynthesis enzymes function best between 0° C - 35° C
At temperatures above or below this range, photosynthesis will slow or stop
Conifers in winter may carry out
photosynthesis only occasionally

30. Enzymes work BEST at a certain ___ and __________.
REMEMBER CELL BIO
Enzymes work BEST at a certain ___ and __________.
Conditions that are TOO ACIDIC
or TOO HOT cause proteins
to unwind or _________ pH
temperature
DENATURE

31. Denaturing changes the shape of the enzyme making it not work
HOMEOSTASIS (keeping pH and temperature constant) is important for maintaining enzyme function.
Image from:

32. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
LIGHT INTENSITY
____________________
More light increases rate of photosynthesis
up to a certain level until plant reaches its
maximum rate of photosynthesis
See effect of light experiment

33. THE BIG PICTURE sugars PHOTOSYNTHESIS provides
the _____________ we breathe
and the __________
heterotrophs (like us)
consume to survive
OXYGEN
sugars
Carbon dioxide
Sugars
WATER
Oxygen
_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________

34. Concept Map Photosynthesis Section 8-3 includes takes place in uses
take place in
to produce of
to produce

35. Concept Map Photosynthesis Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle
Section 8-3
Photosynthesis
includes
Light-
dependent
reactions
Calvin cycle
takes place in
uses
use
take place in
Thylakoid
membranes
Stroma
NADPH
ATP
Energy from
sunlight
to produce of
to produce
ATP
NADPH O2
Chloroplasts
High-energy
sugars

36. SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS
Chapter 8 - Photosynthesis:
The students will be able to:
explain the biochemical processes that a plant uses in photosynthesis
explain the role ADP-ATP cycle has within the chloroplast of the cell (9-12.L.1.1)
explain the light reaction (9-12.L.1.1)
explain the steps of photophosphorylation and the Calvin Cycle (9-12.L.1.1)

37. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.
Photosynthesis and respiration
ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts

38. Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors
High school students performing at the
ADVANCED level:
explain the steps of photophosphorylation and the Calvin Cycle;
analyze chemical reaction and chemical processes involved in the Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle;
predict the function of a given structure;
predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems
PROFICIENT level:
describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes);
describe the relationship between structure and function
explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems;
predict how life systems respond to changes in the environment;
BASIC level
name chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes);
recognize that different structures perform different functions;
define homeostasis;

39. SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things.
9-12.L.1.1A. Students are able to explain the physical and chemical processes of photosynthesis and cell respiration and their importance to plant and animal life. (SYNTHESIS)
Examples: photosystems, photophosphorylation, Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle

40. SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE
Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things.
9-12.L.1.2A. (Synthesis) Describe how living systems use biofeedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis.
9-12.L.1.4A. (Application) Identify factors that change the rates of enzyme catalyzed reactions.