1. Theoretical Foundations
Teaching and Learning
with Technology
Chapter 2
Theoretical Foundations
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2. Educational Technology and Instruction
Instructional events are all teaching methods and learning experiences used to support learning
Understanding teaching and learning enables educators to see how educational technology fits in
Learning is the transfer of knowledge and skills
There is a broad range of theories on how individuals learn

3. Educational Technology and Instruction
Learning is a complex activity and subject to individual perspective
There is a broad range of theories on how individuals learn
An early approach to understanding learning was to examine it as a communications process
Learning occurred when information was transmitted to the receiver and feedback returned – the communications cycle

4. Instructional Events
Proper planning and effective use of tools and methods are key to successful teaching and learning

5. Learning Theories Learning as Communication
Knowledge is transmitted from sender to receiver
Receiver returns feedback to sender
Sender receives and evaluates feedback and adjusts if necessary
Variables may alter intended meaning

6. Learning Theories
Learning as Communication

7. Learning Theories
Factors
affecting
communication

8. Learning Theories Environmental Factors
Many factors may interfere and cause a message to be distorted or blocked
Includes obvious and not so obvious factors: noise, improper lighting, or temperature
These factors will not affect all learners the same, and some not at all

9. Learning Theories Psychological Factors
Individual differences that define and affect communicated information
Current emotional state may interfere with message reception
Even how a message is delivered can interfere
These preferences, called learning styles, may be barriers if the teacher doesn’t address them

10. Learning Theories Personal Filters
Individual’s values, heritage, and belief system
May include attitudes, cultural differences, and opinions
Filters are present in both sender and receiver

11. Learning Theories Behaviorist Perspective
Focus on behavior as a response to external stimuli
Learning occurs as a response to rewards and punishments
Learning is a passive response to the environment
Key theorists are Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner

12. Learning Theories Cognitivist Perspective
Focus on learning as a mental operation
Learning is explained by how one thinks
Believe learning is more complex than behaviorist view
Key theorists are Bruner, Ausubel, and early works of Piaget

13. Learning Theories Constructivist’s Perspective
Knowledge is constructed as a result of the learning process
Learning occurs when knowledge is assimilated or accommodated (Piaget)
This view can be either individualistic (Gagné) or group oriented (Vygotsky and Bandura)

14. Learning Theories Cognitive Styles
Manner in which one thinks and interprets the environment
Myers-Briggs instrument helps determine cognitive preferences
Understanding cognitive styles helps teachers create supportive environments

15. Learning Theories
Cognitive Styles
Myers-Briggs
Cognitive Types
(MBTI)

16. Learning Theories Learning Styles
Conditions under which one learns best
Relates to individual sensory dominance
Auditory learners learn best by listening
Visual learners learn best by seeing
Kinesthetic/tactile learners learn best by doing and touching

17. The Learner Intelligence Inherent capabilities to learn and understand
Stanford-Binet tests emphasize logical/mathematical and verbal capabilities
Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences emphasizes multiple capabilities

18. The Learner Multiple Intelligences Verbal-linguistic
Mathematical-logical
Musical
Visual-spatial
Bodily-kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalistic
Existential

19. The Learner
Multiple Intelligences

20. Teaching and Learning
Teaching = a systematic, planned sequence of events
A process that communicates ideas/skills
Teachers should be aware of:
Strengths and weaknesses of own teaching style
Learning theories and learner characteristics of students

21. A Holistic View of Teaching, Learning, and Technology
Teaching, learning, and technology work together to achieve effective knowledge transfer
Holistic “systems approach” is key to effective instruction
Educational technologies selected after planning

22. A Holistic View of Teaching, Learning, and Technology
Technology: a component of the teaching/learning process
Educational technology includes any resource that facilitates teaching/learning
This view of technology has evolved and broadened
It’s consistent with evolution of learning theories

23. Educational Technology
A Historical Overview
1900s: audiovisual movement began with movies
1920s-1930s: slides, radio, sound recordings appeared
1950s: audiovisual movement advanced with adoption of television by the public

24. Educational Technology
An Historical Overview (cont.)
1960s: audiovisual expanded to a model close to today’s view
1970s: educational technology redefined and expanded further to include all technologies
1980s: the PC appeared, and educational technology entered the Digital Age

25. Educational Technology
Today
Holistic view – all media and systems that support teaching/learning
Teachers must decide how to best utilize technology