1. Prehistory
The period before writing was developed

3. Archaeology
the study of past societies through an analysis of what people left behind

4. Anthropology
the study of human life and culture

5. Fossil
a remnant or impression of an organism from a past geologic age that has been preserved in the Earth’s crust

6. Artifact
items left behind by early people Examples would be tools, pottery, paintings, weapons

7. Primary Source
A firsthand or eyewitness account of an event

8. Secondary Source
A secondhand account about an event that is based on what someone else has experienced

9. Humans and other humanlike creatures that walk upright
HOMINIDS
Humans and other humanlike creatures that walk upright

10. Hominids
Humans and other humanlike creatures that walk upright

11. Australopithecines Appeared about 4-5 million years ago
Found in Africa
Stood upright and walked on two legs
Brain was one-third the size of humans today

12. Homo habilis Appeared about 2.4 million years ago Found in Africa
Learned to make and use crude stone tools
Brain was half the size of humans today

13. Homo erectus Appeared about 2-1.5 million years ago
Started out in Africa, then spread to Europe and Asia – first hominid to leave Africa
Learned to control fire

14. Neanderthals Appeared 200,000 – 30,000 years ago
Found in Europe and Southwest Asia
First early people to bury their dead
Died out, possibly due to a conflict with the Homo sapiens sapiens

15. Cro-Magnons Appeared about 40,000 years ago
Made finely crafted tools and cave art

16. Homo sapiens sapiens Appeared 200,000 – 150,000 years ago
First anatomically modern humans
Started to spread outside of Africa about 100,000 years ago
All humans today belong to this subspecies
Name means “wise, wise human being”

18. Spread of the Hominids
Started out in Africa and migrated around the world
Moved from Africa to the Middle East (Southwest Asia), then to Asia and Australia, next up was Europe and northern Asia (colder)
This was aided by the use of fire
Finally people arrived in the Americas, probably by crossing a land bridge in the Bering Strait
By 9000 BC humans had spread to six continents

19. Paleolithic Age, the Neolithic Age, and the Neolithic Revolution
THE STONE AGE
Paleolithic Age, the Neolithic Age, and the Neolithic Revolution

20. Paleolithic Age
Known as the Old Stone Age, lasted from 2.5 million – 10,000 BC
Named because people used simple stone tools
People were hunter-gatherers who hunted, fished, and gathered wild plants for food
People also lived as nomads, moving around from place to place to follow animal migrations and vegetation cycles

21. Neolithic Revolution
A shift from hunting and gathering to farming and the domestication of animals
This was one of the most important developments in human history and changed how people lived
People experimented with planting seeds and learned to farm gradually over a long period of time

22. With the development of farming, people began to practice domestication
Domestication = adaptation for human use, such as animals and plants
Raise livestock to provide a more stable food supply

24. Changes and Consequences
The world population grew significantly
The growing of crops meant that people had greater control over their environment and could now settle in one place
Some people remained pastoralists, nomads who kept herds of livestock
Most formed permanent settlements
In the farming societies, people pooled their labor and resources
Lived close together in houses made of mud bricks or other material

25. Many people worked in fields and tended livestock instead of hunting and gathering
Leads to a surplus (excess of food)
More food available means that some people could do other things
Leads to the rise of artisans = skilled craftspeople
Made tools, crafts, jewelry
Agriculture enabled people to produce extra food and products, which leads to trade
Also leads to differences in social status
Division of labor develops
Some gained more wealth and influence, held positions of authority

26. Men more active in farming = more responsible for obtaining food = more dominate role
Men farmed, so they began to gain dominance over women

28. FOUR RIVER VALLEYS Nile River = Egypt
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers = Mesopotamia
Also known as the Fertile Crescent
Indus River = India
Huang-He River = China

31. CATAL HUYUK Neolithic village around 6000 BC
Found in present-day Turkey
Contained 5-6,000 people on 30 acres
Grew crops and raised sheep and goats
Traded with other villages
Built houses close together, very few streets
People entered houses through openings in the roof
Each home contained 1 main room, 1-2 storage rooms, a religious shrine, and vibrant paintings on the walls

32. The Stone Age ended in 3000 BC with the arrival of the Bronze Age
The world’s first civilizations arose in river valleys