1. 22-2 Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines
Alcohols have the functional group –OH.(hydroxide)
The general formula for alcohols is R-OH, where R is a hydrocarbon.
Denatured alcohol has aviation gas or other solvents added to it to make it unfit to drink.
Ethanol is found in alcoholic beverages.
Ethanol and CO2 are produced by yeast when they ferment sugars, such as those in grapes and bread dough.
To name alcohols, use a number or numbers, if needed to designate the location of the –OH groups and then say the rootword for the number of carbons followed by –ol.

2. Ethers
Ethers are organic compounds that have an oxygen imbedded in a series of 2 carbon chains….
Remember ethers by the fact that there is an R on ‘ether’ side of the O.
The functional group is the imbedded oxygen.
The general form for ethers is R1-O-R2
To name ethers say the first alphabetical R followed by the second alphabetical R then the word ether.
If both are identical, say di- the R group with
–yl, then ether.

3. Amines Amines contain nitrogen bonded to carbon atoms.
Each nitrogen can carry 3 bonds so 2 other bonds are connected to hydrogen.
Amines are of the form R-NH2.
Amines are considered primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on how many carbon chains have substituted for hydrogens in the NH3.
To Name amines, say the numbers of the –NH2 locations followed the root-word from the number of carbons, then followed by a –di – tri- tetra, etc… and the word amine. (no – mono)

4. 22-3 Carbonyl Compounds -C=0 is called a carbonyl group.
Aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, and esters all have the carbonyl group.

5. Aldehydes
Aldehydes have the form where R is a hydrogen or hydrocarbon.
We name the aldehydes by saying the root- word representing the number of carbons followed by –al.
Aldehydes generally have lower boiling points than other similar-size compounds.

6. Ketones Ketones have the functional group
We name them by saying the number of carbons on the shortest side to the carbonyl (including the c on the carbonyl), the root-word of the number of carbons followed by the suffix –anone
Ketones are used as solvents for paints, lacquers, varnishes, nail-polish, and other moderately polar substances.