1. Urbanization
Immigrants moved to the cities this produced urbanization: rapid growth of cities
People also moving from the country to cities

2. Urbanization problems
Housing
Row housing-houses built so that they are connected and share walls
Dumbbell houses-housing that is shaped like a dumbbell (includes air vents in the middle)
People use air vents to dump sewage
Crime increases

4. Sanitation Need clean drinking water Trash is in the street
Not uncommon to see a dead horse in the street
Children play in the street
Start insisting on indoor plumbing

6. Fires
Water shortage, houses built together and made of wood=big chance for a fire
Both Chicago and San Francisco had huge devastating fires

7. Reform movements
Settlement houses-community centers in slums that provide assistance, especially to immigrants.
Provided: educational, cultural, and social services
Jane Addams founded Hull house in Chicago
An important settlement house.