1. Kinetic Molecular Theory

2. Kinetic Molecular Theory
Kinetic Molecular Theory – is the idea that matter is made from moving invisible particles.
The following are the principals of Kinetic Molecular Theory:
All matter is made up of tiny particles
Different substances have different particles
The particles are in constant motion
The more energy the particles have, the faster they move.
The attraction between particles decreases with an increase in distance.

3. Solid Solids Distance Particles are close together Type of Motion
Particles can only vibrate in their place in the structure
Attractive Forces
High, decreasing as vibration gets higher
Energy
Increasing energy causes an increase of vibration

4. Liquids Liquids Distance Particles are kind of close together
Type of Motion
Particles can still vibrate, but can now move past one another; can bump into each other and the sides of the container it is in
Attractive Forces
Still quite high, but less than solids and decreasing as distance apart increases
Energy
Increase in energy causes an increase in vibration and movement

5. Gas Gas Distance Particles are very far apart Type of motion
Particles vibrate, rotate, move past each other, and bump into each other in a very rapid straight line of motion
Attractive forces
No attractive forces; particles are too far apart and are moving to fast.
Energy
Increase in energy causes an increase in pressure due to the increase in the speed and number of particles hitting the sides of the container.

6. Change of State
The change of state only happens when you add or remove energy.
What we experience as heat, molecules experience as vibration.
An increase in movement of particles results in the melting or sublimation of a solid, and evaporation of a liquid.
The reduction in movement of particles results in the condensation or deposition in gases and solidification in liquids.

7. A word on sublimation and deposition
Sublimation, and deposition, is the ability to turn a solid into gas or a gas into a solid without passing through the liquid stage.
In order for this to occur you need to have an object reach a specific temperature and a specific pressure.
The point in which sublimation and deposition is called the triple point. The point on a pressure vs temperature graph where solid, liquid and gas meet.

8. Triple point of Water and Carbon Dioxide
Water’s triple point – where a solid piece of water, liquid and gas can all co-exist is at  K (0.01º C) and a pressure of pascals (.006 atm). It is at this point where water in a solid form and has a gas coming off of it.
Dry ice’s (Carbon dioxide’s) triple point kPa (kilopascals) and ºC or Kelvin.

9. Phase Diagram of H2O S  L S L L  G G S  G 218 1 Triple Point .006
p (atm) 1
Triple Point
L  G
.006 G
S  G
100
374
.01
T (oC)

10. Phase Diagram of CO2 S  L S L L  G G S  G 73 Triple Point 5.1 1 -78
p (atm)
L  G
Triple Point
5.1 G 1
S  G
-78
-57 31
T (oC)

11. Water
When it is in a solid form and we add energy (heat) we notice that the molecules vibrate a lot and turns into a liquid.
When it is in a liquid form and we add energy (heat) we notice that the molecules vibration increases and turns into a gas.
But if we cool the molecule at any stage by reducing energy (heat), we slow down the vibration of the molecules and can reverse the process.
Note: adding pressure helps changes stages from gas  liquid  solid. Removing pressure will reverse the process.

12. Explain Dissolving
The kinetic molecular theory perfectly describes how compounds, like sugar, dissolve in water.
When water is in a liquid state, the molecules are vibrating and have space between them for sugar to enter into the water and dissolve.
If you increase the heat of the water, the vibration of the water molecule increases, thus more space is created between the water molecules.
Therefore, sugar has more space to enter in between the water molecules and the sugar will dissolve a lot faster.

13. Explain Density
Problem, why is it that the density of water in solid form has a different density when it is in liquid form and a different density when it is in a gas form?
Answer, the kinetic molecular theory.
When you add energy to a particle and increase the vibration of the particle, the particles in the compound expand and thus the volume changes.
If the volume increases and the mass stays the same, the density decreases.

14. Finally….
Ever notice on sidewalks there are gaps between the concrete sidewalk?
Well kinetic molecular theory explains why we need this.
If a sidewalk was one solid strip without any gaps, during cooler months the sidewalk contracts and during warmer months the sidewalk expands.
This constant motion of contraction and expansion leads to the sidewalk cracking.
If you put in gap when laying the concrete, you mitigate and minimize the amount of cracks that will be created.

15. Cool Reaction with Dry Ice

16. Assignment
Pg 175, Q’s – 2, 4, 6 (if you don’t want to draw, explain), 7 (if you do not want to draw it that is ok), 8, 10, 12, 13
Page 178 all vocabulary words except: flammability and corrosion
Page 180, Q’s – 3, 5, 7, 8 (a,b,c), 9, 10, 12, 13,