1. Dangers of War New technology was more accurate
Led to increased death due to poor tactics
Medical care was lacking
Amputations were performed to prevent infection
Tents and tools weren’t often cleaned well
Infection and disease were up to 40% of all deaths
Prisoners of war were kept in horrible prison camps
Huge numbers died in both North and South

2. Draft Laws In North and South, they began running out of soldiers
Fewer volunteers as war went on
Many deserters—soldiers who ran away
Both sides began a draft, required men between certain ages to join the army
Northerners rioted due to the $300 waiver you could pay
Lincoln suspended habeus corpus to arrest rioters
Southerners disliked that Plantation owners were given exemptions

3. New Goals for the North
War did not start off with the goal to end slavery.
Lincoln wanted to save the Union
He needed to handle the slavery issue gently for border states to accept (still had slavery).
If they shifted sides, it would mean more resources for the South.
By 1862 he felt he needed to broaden the goals in order to save the Union.

4. Emancipation Proclamation
In January 1863, Lincoln announced
the Emancipation Proclamation
It declared that the Union Army
would free slaves in rebellious territory
Only affected states in the Confederacy
Targeted slavery because of its importance to the Southern economy
Lincoln realized that freeing slaves would cripple the cotton industry

5. Effects of Emancipation
Making slavery a focus of the war won respect from Europe
Made it less likely that they would trade as much with the Confederacy
African-Americans now allowed to join the army
Previously banned from doing so until 1862
Slaves in the South begin to resist work more to weaken the economy and war effort
Hear about the Proclamation through
a series of northern spies

6. African-Americans in the Union Army
African-Americans begin to join the Union army in large numbers starting in 1862
Over 200,000 serve by the end of the war
About 40,000 died serving in the army
Originally were used as labor
Did not fight in combat until 1863
Served in all black units
Only white soldiers were allowed to be in command of units

7. Inequality in the Army
African-American soldiers were originally paid much less than white soldiers
Monthly pay $7 compared to $16 for whites
Equal pay was granted in 1864
Black soldiers were more than twice as likely to die from disease or illness
Not given the same medical care
Some inequality was erased
due to the acts of units like the
Massachusetts 54th
First black regiment in the war, over 50% died in a raid on Fort Wagner in South Carolina

8. Blacks behind Confederate Lines
Some African-Americans served as spies for the Union
Snuck into plantations to inform about the Emancipation Proclamation
Slaves would flee after the Union army came into an area
Over 25% of slaves in the South ran away in the war
Other slaves began to act in ways to slow the war effort
Breaking tools, destroying crops, etc.

9. Women in the War Women began to volunteer as nurses in North and South
More nurses allowed for better medical care and fewer deaths
Clara Barton served as a nurse and later created the American Red Cross
Many modern ideas from nurses, like triage
Some women dressed as men to join the army
Other women began to work in factories and fields to ensure enough supplies for the army

10. Turning Points: Vicksburg
Vicksburg was the last major defense of the Confederacy on the Mississippi River
From May to July of 1863,
General Grant laid siege to the
city of Vicksburg, Mississippi
Cut off supplies in to and
out of the city
“Sappers” dug into hills to cause
building collapses
The town runs out of supplies and is forced to surrender
Gives the Union full control of the Mississippi River

11. Turning Points: Gettysburg
As the Vicksburg siege was ending,
Lee was attacking in the East
The new Union General Meade
had his army make a stand at
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Meade’s men were positioned on
hills around the town
Allowed them to repel charges
Lee is forced to retreat after three days and over 51,000 dead or wounded
Meade does not pursue Lee’s retreating army

12. Fallout The Union controlled the whole Mississippi River
Cut off Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas from aiding the armies in the East
Lincoln fires Meade as the head of the Army of the Potomac
Places Grant in charge of the whole Union Army, east and west
Grant convinces Lincoln to approve a plan for “total war”
Attempt to win the war by destroying anything and everything potentially useful to the South