1. Active transport

2. ACTIVE TRANSPORT IS...
...the movement of substances from areas low concentration to areas of high concentration through protein pumps.
…”against the gradient”

3. Energy is needed (typically in the form of ATP)
⇒ “ACTIVE TRANSPORT”

4. PROTEIN PUMPS... Molecule to be transported enters the pump
Energy from ATP is used to change the shape of the protein
Molecule can now pass to the opposite side of the membrane

5. EXAMPLE: Sodium Potassium Pump in Neurons
This graphic illustrates one sodium-potassium pump over time.
On your notes, annotate with:
direction of sodium transport (into or out of cell)
direction of potassium transport (into or out of cell)
is sodium moving with or against its concentration gradient?
is potassium moving with or against its concentration gradient?
Why does this pump matter?
Long story short… without it you’d be dead. Here’s why.

6. EXAMPLE: Proton Pump in Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
In order for cells to perform photosynthesis and/or respiration, protons (also known as H+ ions) must be pumped across the inner membranes of the mitochondria or chloroplast.
Bonus review opportunity! Can you remember why mitochondria and chloroplasts have both an inner and outer membrane?

7. CAPTION
Add a caption to the diagram in your notes that includes the following words:
gradient
protein
energy
ATP
membrane