1. Organic Chemistry
Chapter 22

2. Organic Chemistry Study of compounds containing Carbon
Oxides and Carbonates are NOT considered organic compounds

3. Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon – the simplest organic compound which contains only carbon and hydrogen.
Thousands of compounds can be made from just carbon and hydrogen
Carbon forms four bonds
Hydrogen forms only one bond
Simplest hydrocarbon is methane: CH4

4. Straight-Chain Alkanes
Alkanes – hydrocarbons that have only single bonds between the atoms
General formula CnH2n+2
Name ends in –ane
Use prefix to indicate number of carbons:
1 - meth hex
2 - eth hept
3 – prop oct
4 – but non
5 – pent dec

5. Straight-Chain Alkanes
Examples:

6. Branched – Chained Alkanes
Branched-Chain Alkane – Alkanes that have other groups bonded to them.
The longest chain is the parent chain
The branches are called substituent groups
(AP Chem – p. 1061)

7. Branched – Chained Alkanes
Naming Rules:
Count the # of carbon atoms in the longest chain (parent chain)
Number the carbons in the parent chain so that the substituent groups have the lowest numbers
Name each substituent group (use prefix di, tri, tetra…if you have more than one of the same group)
Put substituent groups in alphabetical order in front of parent name
Separate numbers from numbers with commas, and numbers from letters with dashes

8. Branched – Chained Alkanes
Examples:

9. Alkenes
Alkenes – contain one or more double bond between the carbon atoms
-Parent chain ends in -ene
If there are more than 4 carbons, you need to number parent chain so that double bonds have the lowest number

10. Alkenes cont’d
Example- ethene
Example – 2 pentene

11. Alkynes
Alkynes – contain one or more triple bond between the carbon atoms
Parent chain ends in -yne
If there are more than 4 carbons, you need to number parent chain so that triple bonds have the lowest number

12. Alkynes cont’d
Example - ethyne
Example – 1 butyne

13. Saturated vs. Unsaturated
If a hydrocarbon has all single bonds it is said to be saturated - Alkane
If a hydrocarbon has double or triple bonds it is said to be unsaturated – Alkene or Alkyne
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are more reactive than saturated ones.