1. Solutions

2. What is a solution?
A solution is a mixture of substances that appear the same throughout. (homogeneous)
Solutes are dissolved in solvents.
A solvent is the substance in greater amount
A solute is the substance in the smaller amount.

3. Solutions are physical changes
Physical or Chemical?
Solutions are physical changes
They can be reversed, and
No NEW substances are being made.

4. Water in air (humidity)
Types of solutions
Solutions can be in any of the 3 phases:
Solute
Solvent
Example
Gas
air
Liquid
CO2 in soda
Water in air (humidity)
Lemon juice in water
solid
Pastry dough
Solid
NaCl in H2O
alloys

5. The Solution Process A solute dissolves in a solvent.
“like dissolves like”  the substances must be dissolvable in each other.

6. Dissolvable  What is Solubility?
The amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a solvent is called solubility.
Solubility depends on the nature of the substances both solvent and solute.
Solubility of substances can be compared by measuring.

7. Dissolvable  What is Solubility?
Solubility is the mass of solute that can be dissolved in 100g of water under a given set of conditions (temperature and pressure).

8. Solubility Rules “Like dissolves Like”
This means, ionic compounds will dissolve other ionic compounds.
Polar substances (partially charged covalent compounds) dissolve other polar substances.
Nonpolar substances dissolve other nonpolar susbsances.

9. Water Water is known as the Universal Solvent
This is because it is POLAR
Oxygen —
Hydrogen
Hydrogen + +

12. How to change solubility
Increase
Solid into Liquid
Gas into Liquid
Stirring
Grinding
Temperature
Pressure
N/A

13. How to change solubility
Increase
Solid into Liquid
Gas into Liquid
Stirring
Grinding
Temperature
Pressure
N/A
N/A

14. Gas Solubility the Effects of Pressure

15. The Effects of Solutes
All solute particles – affect the physical properties of the solvents
Adding solutes lowers the freezing point of the solvent
Adding solutes raises the boiling point of the solvent