1. EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES CREATE DIVERSITY
>1.5 million known species! (and that’s only the eukaryotes)
10 million total?
Make sense of it all through classification:
taxonomy = categories
phylogeny = ancestry
aka SYSTEMATICS
a HUGE task!

2. Carl Linne’ (aka Linneaus)
Contributions:
• shortened lengthy latin polynomial names to binomials
(scientific name, i.e. Homo sapiens)
• Created a hierarchy of groups into which all organisms are placed
Broadest group = kingdom Most specific = species
1735

3. Linnean Taxonomy is a hierarchy
of increasingly exclusive groups

4. Criteria for grouping is structure
Homology:
biochemistry
genome
embryology
anatomy

5. Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate
Homindae
Homo
sapiens
H. ergastor H. erectus
H. heidelbergensis etc

7. Same group, but how related?
C. Darwin, 1837
E. Haeckel, 1866

8. Phylogenetic Tree attempts to explain: who is related
when they shared an ancestor
Phylogenetic Tree
Speciation events create branches
Junctions indicate a common ancestor

9. Time Polyphyletic Paraphyletic common ancestor to all but chicken
(multiple phylogenies)
not including any common ancestor
Paraphyletic
(part phylogeny)
ancestor + some descendants
common ancestor to all but chicken
Monophyletic
(one phylogeny)
ancestor + all descendants
Time

10. Cladogram
a phylogeny based on a shared set of characteristics, for comparing organisms, relative to one another
Outgroup
jawless fish
time is relative, not absolute

11. Interesting? Yes. Practical value? YES!