1. Types of Mutations
Not these…

2. Point Mutations One nitrogen base gets replaced with another.
Examples: ATGCCTGA  ATGCGTGA
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
THE FAT CAT ATE THE HAT
The sentence has changed, but is still readable.

3. Frameshift Mutations
One or more nitrogen bases are either added or removed.
These are more serious mutations.
Different types:
Deletion – bases are removed
Insertion – bases are added

4. Deletion Mutations One or more nitrogen bases get removed.
Examples: ATGCCTGA  ATGCTGA
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
THE FAT CTA TET HER AT
The sentence has changed significantly.
It can’t be read anymore.

5. Insertion Mutations One or more nitrogen bases get added.
Examples: ATGCCTGA  ATGCTCTGA
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
THE FAA TCA TAT ETH ERA T
The sentence has changed significantly.
It can’t be read anymore.

6. Chromosomal Mutations
Large changes to the DNA.
Whole sections of chromosomes get moved around
Happens during cell division (mitosis or meiosis.
Different types:
Inversion – section of DNA gets flipped
Translocation – section of DNA gets moved

7. Inversion Mutations A section of DNA gets flipped.
Examples: ATGCCTGA ATTCCGGA
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
THE FAT ETA TAC THE RAT
Part of the sentence has changed, but some can still be read.

8. Inversion Mutations
Genes D, E, and F in (1) get flipped around in (2) and are in reverse order in (3).

9. Translocation Mutations
A section of DNA gets moved.
Examples: ATGCCTGA ATGAGCCT
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
THE FAT THE RAT CAT ATE
Parts of the sentence can still be read, but the sentence doesn’t make sense as a whole.

10. Translocation Mutations
A large section of the grey chromosome gets misplaced on the end of the pink chromosome.