1. Argument Research Paper
Writing Unit

2. Journal Entry #9
Put yourself in the role of one of these women in the video.
Now describe the role of freedom as you serve a life prison sentence. (What does freedom mean to a person serving life?)
What does this say about the price of freedom?

3. Context
Every individual is granted various freedoms in this life. Sometimes our choices impede those freedoms, as seen in the video.  Today's lesson takes a look at our freedoms, according to President Roosevelt's speech, and the ethics, morals and norms we associate with living a life of freedom.

4. The Building Blocks of Argument
Logos, Ethos and Pathos

5. TYPES OF APPEAL
In his work Rhetoric, written in the 4th century BCE, Aristotle identified three main types of appeal that speakers or writers used in trying to persuade their audiences. These three types of appeal are still seen in persuasive writing today. (Persuasive writing encompasses both argumentation and persuasion.)

6. TYPES OF APPEAL LOGOS- Logical Appeal
Persuasive language based on logic. Appeals to people’s reason, understanding and common sense. Evidence may include:
Facts
Case studies
Statistics
Experiments
Analogies
Authoritative testimony

7. TYPES OF APPEAL con’t ETHOS- Ethical Appeal
Persuasive language that presents an appeal based upon the speaker’s reputation or authority. (NOT ethics/morals-- you are not considering the good or evil of the argument. You are considering the trustworthiness of the speaker.) Elements to consider:
Trustworthiness * Credibility * Reliability
Reliable sources
Fairness
Expert testimony (is this person qualified to speak on this subject? )

8. TYPES OF APPEAL con’t PATHOS- Emotional Appeal
Persuasive language that contains an appeal to the reader’s emotions
People accept the claim without fully analyzing the rationale behind it.
Can be powerful, but also manipulative.
Think- is the speaker/writer simply “using” my emotions, or is there support for their argument? (No support= pathos)
Ex. Political advertisements that show politicians kissing babies and petting stray animals. (What good will that do us when they take office?)

9. Creating Arguments Logos, Ethos, and Pathos
Methods of Persuasion

10. To Develop Logos Effect: Theoretical, abstract language
Denotative meanings/reasons
Literal and historical analogies
Definitions
Factual data and statistics
Quotations
Citations from experts and authorities
Informed opinions
Effect:
Evokes a cognitive, rationale response

11. To Develop Ethos Language appropriate to audience and subject
Restrained, sincere, fair minded presentation
Appropriate level of vocabulary
Correct grammar  
  Effect
Demonstrates author's reliability, competence, and respect for the audience's ideas and values through reliable and appropriate use of support and general accuracy

12. To Develop Pathos Effect Vivid, concrete language
Emotionally loaded language
Connotative meanings
Emotional examples
Vivid descriptions
Narratives of emotional events
Emotional tone
Figurative language
Effect
Evokes an emotional response

13. Coding Text Mark Your text with the following symbols: C-claim
E-evidence
CA-Counterargument
L-logos
E-ethos
P-pathos

14. Freedom From Want
Norman Rockwell

15. Freedom from Fear
Norman Rockwell

16. Freedom of Speech
Norman Rockwell

17. Freedom of Worship
Norman Rockwell