1. Reproduction
Two types:
1. ASEXUAL ~ _____________ parent passes complete _____________
_____________ fission, _____________, budding, parthenogenesis
**OFFSPRING GENETICALLY _____________ AS PARENT**
2. SEXUAL ~ _____________ parents pass _____________ to make genetically _____________ offspring
Fertilization = two _____________ fuse to form _____________
Sex cells = _____________ cells (body cells = _____________ cells)
**OFFSPRING GENETICALLY _____________ FROM PARENT**
Germ cells
Haploid ~ has _____________ set of chromosomes (23 for humans)
Somatic cells
Diploid ~ has _____________ sets of chromosomes (46 for humans)
Homologous chromosomes ~ _____________ in size & shape & genes
Meiosis
1) Meiosis takes a cell with ______ copies of every chromosome (_____________) and makes cells with a ________ copy of every chromosome (_____________).
(This is a good idea if you’re going to combine two cells to make a new organism.) This trick is accomplished by halving _____________number.
In meiosis, _______ diploid cells produces __________ haploid cells.
2) Meiosis ___________ the specific forms of each ______ that each sex cell (egg or sperm) receives.
This makes for a lot of genetic __________. This trick is accomplished through _______________ ________________ and ___________________________.
Genetic diversity is important for the ______________ of ________________ and ____________.
Why do we need meiosis?
Meiosis is necessary to __________ the number of _______________ going into the sex cells
Why do this?
At ____________ the male and female sex cells will provide ½ of the chromosomes each – so the offspring has genes from ___________ parents

2. Parent cell – chromosome pair
Chromosomes copied
1st division - pairs split
2nd division – produces 4 gamete cells with ½ the original no. of chromosomes
Meiosis I : Separates Homologous Chromosomes
Interphase
Each of the chromosomes _____________
The result is two genetically identical sister _______________ which remain attached at their _______________
Prophase I
_________________ PHASE!
During this phase each _____________ of chromatids don’t move to the equator alone, they match up with their __________ pair and fasten together (synapsis) in a group of four called a _________.
Extremely _________________!!! It is during this phase that crossing over can occur.
Crossing Over is the _______________ of ___________ during _____________.
Crossing-over multiplies the already huge number of different _______ types produced by independent assortment.
During ______________ I, homologous chromosomes line up next to each other. Crossing-over happens when one _______ of a _____________ crosses over the arm of the other chromatid. The chromosomes __________ and ___________.
Metaphase I
The _______________ line up at the ____________ attached by their _____________ to _______________ fibers from ________________.
--Still in _________________ pairs

3. Anaphase I
-The _________________ guides the movement of the ____________________ toward the poles
-Sister ____________ remain _______________
-Move as a ________ towards the same __________
-The ______________ chromosome moves toward the ___________ pole
-_____________ mitosis – chromosomes appear as ____________ instead of __________ (meiosis)
Telophase I
-This is the end of the first ____________ cell division.
-The _______________ divides, forming two new __________ cells.
-Each of the newly formed cells has __________ the number of the _________ cell’s chromosomes, but each ____________ is already _______________ ready for the ___________ meiotic cell division.
Cytokinesis
-Occurs simultaneously with _______________ I
-Forms 2 __________ cells
-Plant cells – __________ _____________
-Animal cells – _____________ _____________
-NO FURTHER REPLICATION OF GENETIC MATERIAL PRIOR TO THE SECOND DIVISION OF MEIOSIS
Meiosis II : _________________ sister chromatids
Proceeds similar to _______________
THERE IS NO INTERPHASE II!
Prophase II
Each of the daughter cells forms a spindle, and the ___________ stranded chromosomes move toward the equator.
Metaphase II
The ______________ are positioned on the ____________ plate in a ____________-like fashion.
Anaphase II
The _______________ of sister ____________ finally separate.
The sister chromatids of each ___________ move toward _____________ poles.
Now ______________ chromosomes.

4. Teleophase II and Cytokinesis
____________ form at opposite __________ of the cell and _______________ occurs
After completion of cytokinesis there are ___________ daughter cells
All are _____________ (n)
One Way Meiosis Makes Lots of Different Sex Cells (Gametes) – Independent Assortment
Independent assortment produces ____ distinct ______, where n = the number of unique _________________.
In humans, n = _______ and _______ = ________________
That’s a lot of diversity by this mechanism alone.
The Key Difference Between Mitosis and Meiosis is the Way Chromosomes Uniquely Pair and Align in Meiosis
Meiosis – division error
Meiosis error—fertilization
Should the _________ with the chromosome pair be __________then the offspring will not be ‘_________’.
In humans this often occurs with the ______ pair – producing a child with ___________ Syndrome

5. Summary ____________ types of ____________ : - ____________
____________ occurs in ____________, not somatic cells; it results in genetic diversity
Meiosis has 8 parts:
____________