1. UNITY AND SECTIONALISM
CHAPTER 10, Section 1 and 2

2. SECTIONALISM GROWS
Most Americans had a strong allegiance to the region where they lived.
People classified themselves in one of the three categories: a. Northerner
b. Southerner
c. Westerner

3. SECTIONALISM GROWS Sectionalism: loyalty to one’s region.
Sectionalism increased and became more intense as differences arose over national policies.
One conflict was slavery. Most southerners believed slavery was a necessity of life. Northerners opposed slavery.
Southerners stressed the importance of state’s rights (granted by the Constitution) to keep slavery as an institution.

4. SECTIONALISM GROWS
The different regions disagreed on other topics as well.
Regions disagreed on tariffs, a national bank and internal improvements.
Internal improvements: were federal, state and privately funded projects to help the nation’s transportation system. (Examples: canals and roads)

5. Important Political Leaders
John C. Calhoun
- Was a strong believer in state sovereignty: states have the right to create their own laws (no government interference).

6. Important Political Leaders
James Monroe
Becomes the 5th president
Responsible for rebuilding after the War of 1812.

7. Important Political Leaders
Henry Clay
- Senator from Kentucky. Would be known as a a national leader who tried to resolve sectional disputes through compromise (friendly agreement).

8. The Missouri Compromise
Tension reached a climax in 1820 over the issue of admitting new states into the Union.
The South wanted Missouri admitted into the Union as a slave state. Northerners wanted Missouri to be a free state.

9. The Missouri Compromise
At the same time Missouri wanted to become a state so did Maine.
Henry Clay helped work out a compromise between this North and South debate.
Henry Clay came up with a plan that he called the Missouri Compromise.

10. The Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise had several elements:
Missouri would be admitted as a slave state and Maine would be a free state.
The agreement banned slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory (north of the 36 30’ parallel)
States had to come into the Union as pairs. (at least two at a time)

12. Relations With Britain
Rush-Bagot Treaty- 1817: removal of weapons along the United States/ Canada border.
The Convention of 1818: makes the official boundary between Canada and America.

13. Relations With Spain
In 1818 Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish East Florida and captured Spanish forts.
Negro Fort
Spain could not defend Florida.
Adams-Onis Treaty: Spain gives the United States Florida.

14. Latin American Republics
In the early 1800’s the Spanish empire in North and South America begins to crumble.
In 1821 Mexico gains its independence from Spain.

15. Latin American Republics
Simon Bolivar: “The Liberator” helped the countries of South America: Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Bolivia and Ecuador gain their independence from Spain.

16. Latin American Republics
Jose de San Martin: Helped lead a successful revolution against Spain in Chile and Peru.
By 1824 Spain’s empire had shrunk to Cuba and Puerto Rico.

17. The Monroe Doctrine
After Mexico and South America gain their independence from Spain, the United States and President Monroe felt that European powers (Britain, France, etc.) may try to invade South America.

18. The Monroe Doctrine
President James Monroe issued a statement, later known as the Monroe Doctrine, on December 2, 1823.
The Monroe Doctrine said the United States would oppose any European threat to North or South America (Western Hemisphere).