1. The Earliest Human Societies
UNIT -- 1

2. eaRLY Humans were hunter-gatherers
Hunter- gatherers: hunted and gathered their food.
When a hunter-gatherer ran out of food they would move to another location.- NOMADS
Early humans would use their natural environment for shelter.
They lived in bands of 30 or more people.

3. Responsibilities of early people
Men: hunted and fished Women: gathered foods- nuts and berries, cared for the children Children: worked with their parents, hunting or gathering

4. Hunter-gatherers as nomads
Hunter-gatherers were nomads, people who moved from place to place
The act of moving from one place to settle in another is called migration
Migrating to territory with others already there:
Good: Bad:
Knowledge and tools shared violent- when feeling threatened

5. Using technology is imporatant
Made work easier
Gave them more control over their environment
Help set the stage for a more settled way of life.

6. ii. Religion iii. Art Developing culture
Main elements of pre-historic culture:
i. Language
ii. Religion
iii. Art

7. Beginnings of Agriculture
By 8000 B.C. early humans had learned to modify the environment by growing plants and raising animals. PRODUCERS
Humans had to learn to domesticate animals and plants.
Shift from food gathering to food producing is known as the Agricultural Revolution
What changes did the Agricultural Revolution bring about?
i. tools: created better tools to do more work, ex. Hoes, plows, sickles
Ii. Tehnology: Improvements made agriculture humans’ most important food source

8. b. Irrigation systems and fertile soil allowed villages to develop.
THE FIRST COMMUNITIES
I. Settlements begin:
a. When looking for a place to settle people would find a place located close to rivers.
b. Irrigation systems and fertile soil allowed villages to develop.

9. The First Communities II. Villages:
a. What were some of the advantages that villages provided?
i. more food
ii. Safer
b. Disadvantages of living in a village
i. fire
ii. Disease
iii. flood

10. THE FIRST COMMUNITIES III. Simple Villages grow more complex:
a. What two things led to the growth of villages?
i. Surplus- more than what is needed
ii. Specialization – skill in one kind of work.
b. People trained in a skill or craft are called:
artisans.
i. carpenters iii. Cloth makers
ii.toolmakers iv. potters

11. THE FIRST COMMUNITIES Villages cont.
c. Specialization also led to social class, a group of people with similar customs, backgrounds or training.
d. government developed to keep order and settle disputes.
e. Life in a complex village has a larger population and greater supply of skills, ideas and needs.

12. THE FIRST COMMUNITIES
IV. Catal Huyuk is an example of a complex village.
a. Remains were found in present day Turkey that date back to at least 9000 years.
b. They developed special skills such as making tools and luxury items.
c. They became the center of trade, culture and influence.