2. What is Human Trafficking?
For a person to be a victim of human trafficking there must have been:
ACTION: [recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt, which can include either domestic or cross-border movement];which is achieved by a
MEANS: [threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability] for the
PURPOSE OF EXPLOITATION: [e.g. sexual exploitation, forced labour or domestic servitude, slavery, financial exploitation, illegal adoption removal or organs].
Human trafficking in its simplest terms is when a person is deceived or taken against their will, sold and moved to a new location to be exploited.
Adult victims of human trafficking are trafficked all over the world to work for little or no money – including to, out of, and within the UK.
Since 2000 there has been a widely agreed definition of human trafficking which is found in the ‘Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in
Persons, especially Women and Children’. This is found in the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime (Palermo Protocol).

3. Indicators of Modern Slavery, Servitude, and Compulsory Labour
The person may not have been ‘moved’ as in trafficking. There must have been: MEANS:- being held through either physical means or through threat of penalty. This may be by use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or exploiting vulnerability. SERVICE:- As a result of the ‘Means’ an individual provides a service for benefit. This could be begging, sexual service, manual labour, domestic service.

4. Causes of Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery
- Poverty
- High demand for inexpensive labour and commercial sex
- Political instability, civil unrest and war
- Growth of organised crime
- Lack of adequate law enforcement
- Cultural attitudes and religious practice
- Lack of family support
- Living in a vulnerable way
- Lack of understanding of the schemes used by traffickers
- Greed

5. Types of Human Trafficking and Slavery
Victims of human trafficking are often forced to do things they don’t want to do. Traffickers use threats, violence and methods of control to exploit people who are vulnerable.
Victims can be trafficked for:
- Forced Labour i.e. working in a factory or restaurant or farm
- Criminal Activity i.e. begging, theft, illegal drug dealing
- Sex Industry and Prostitution
- Organ Removal
- Forced Marriage
- Domestic Service

6. Effects on Victims of Trafficking and Slavery
Victims of human trafficking and slavery are affected by the emotional and physical abuse they suffer.
Victims may be raped, beaten, lied to, starved, threatened, silenced, isolated, kidnapped, imprisoned…
Some of the effects of a victim’s experience can be:
- Trauma
- Fearful for the safety of their family or themselves
- Physical injuries
- Medical problems
- Lack of trust
- Shame and humiliation

7. Facts
An estimated 35.8 million people are held in slavery worldwide, meaning there are more slaves in the world than were taken from Africa during 300 years of the trans-Atlantic slave trade. (2014 Global Slavery Index) 
More slaves are alive now than at any other time in history.
- After drug trafficking, human trafficking is the second largest criminal industry in the world, and it is the fastest growing. (UNODC - TOC)
-35.8 million people are held in slavery SOURCE: 2014 Global Slavery Index. Website:
Page 7
-2nd largest criminal industry SOURCE: UNODC – TOC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime – Transnational Organized Crime) Website:
-152 different citizenships SOURCE: UNODC 2014 Report (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). Website: Page 11

8. Facts (cont’d)
- It is estimated that there are currently between 10,000 and 13,000 victims of trafficking in the UK - Between 2011 and the present day The Salvation Army has managed the support for over 3,000 victims of trafficking in England and Wales

9. The Salvation Army’s History
Since the 19th Century, The Salvation Army has been committed to stopping the trade in human beings. In 1885, Florence and Bramwell Booth campaigned to raise awareness of women and girls being bought and sold for exploitation in Victorian England.
In 1885 The Salvation Army determined to address the issue of human trafficking within the UK. With the help of a journalist called W.T. Stead, Bramwell Booth, son of William and Catherine, and an ex-brothel keeper who had become a Christian, they decided to prove how easy it was to buy girls and to sell them in London. They purchased a 13 year old virgin called Eliza Armstrong; then, after removing her to live with a family in France, they published their story in the Newspaper. The result? There was a public outcry; but it was embarrassing for some. They were arrested, and charged with procuring; and W.T. Stead and Rebecca Jarrett were both found guilty and sent to prison. But eh outcry did raise the situation to public debate. TSA lobbied for the age of consent to be raised, and it was raised from 13 to 16 – the level it is at to this day. TSA also started opening Safe Houses for gilrs rescued from, or running away from brothels. Within a short time they had 115 open across the UK.

10. The Salvation Army Today
The Salvation Army is present in 127 countries and is combatting trafficking and caring for victims all around the world.
The Salvation Army is present in 127 countries and is combatting trafficking and caring for victims all around the world.
The scope and nature of our response is wide and varied – it has to be to tackle the wide and varied approaches that Traffickers use to lure vulnerable people in order to exploit them.
Our work is focussed on Prevention work along side education and awareness, Rescue and Intervention work, Care, rehabilitation and repatriation, Punter education, Advocacy and Campaigning.

11. Combating Trafficking Together
Since 1 July 2011, the Salvation Army has been the prime contractor for managing the support for adult victims of trafficking in England and Wales, facilitating access to:-
Specialist support services
Safe and secure
accommodation
Outreach support
Model of service is that TSA acts as central point for referrals and coordination of victim care, while accommodation, support and outreach are provided by subcontractors
- Central team based in Birmingham
- Coverage across England and Wales: Needs-based service so location is one of many factors that can be considered. Placements outside any danger areas for clients. Placements away from area of exploitation can enable clients to live more independently.
- Men and women: Adult service so children cannot be accepted. Age-disputed young people can only be accepted if a Merton-compliant age assessment has been carried out and found them to be 18 or over. Men and women with children can be supported, but we would seek to do so in collaboration with social services.
- Specialist support: Including support with problematic alcohol and substance use, support to access counselling/psychological therapy, support with asylum system etc.

12. Supporting Victims of Trafficking
The Salvation Army, with sub-contractors, provides specialist support for adult victims of human trafficking in England and Wales.
The support is designed to restore the dignity of victims, protect and care for them in safe accommodation and help victims begin to rebuild and gain control of their lives.
The support for victims offers:
Safe Accommodation
Counselling
Medical Care
Legal Advice
Training Opportunities

13. Salvation Army roles
- National coordination of victim care services - Direct service provision - First Responder into the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) - Volunteers transport Potential Victims from place of rescue to place of safety

14. Service Overview
Needs-based service Provides support during 45-day reflection and recovery period Complements existing sources of support: - Asylum support - Mainstream services - Voluntary sector support

15. Service Overview Cont’d
Coverage across England and Wales - Men and women - Specialist support services - Safe and secure accommodation - Outreach support

16. Trafficking Indicators
- Is the victim in possession of identification and travel documents; if not, who has control of the documents? - Can the victim freely contact friends or family? - Has the victim been harmed or deprived of food, water, sleep, medical care or other life necessities? - Does the victim have freedom of movement?

17. Making Appropriate Referrals
1. Are the three elements of trafficking present? - Recruitment/harbouring/transit - Coercion/deception - Exploitation/intention to exploit 2. Are there additional indicators of trafficking? 3. Is there evidence of enslavement? 4. Has the client given their informed consent to enter the process?

18. Referral Numbers
Adult Victims of Modern Slavery Care and Co-ordination Service 24 hour New Referrals and Out of Hours Line: General Casework Related Enquiries: Crime Stoppers:

19. Referral Process Referral is Received at the Contract Office
Assessment is made by the Referral Officer concerning eligibility and if possible phone contact is made
The Referral Officer will conduct an NRM (National Referral Mechanism) interview by phone, if possible
An IA (Initial Assessment), a risk and needs assessment, will also be made by phone, if possible
A suitable service provider will be identified. On receipt of a positive RG (Reasonable Grounds) decision transport is provided, if necessary. In exceptional circumstances a move may be arranged before the RG decision has been made

20. Smuggling is Different from Trafficking
The person being smuggled is generally cooperating
There is no actual implied coercion
Persons smuggled are violating the law
Persons are free to leave, change jobs etc
- Always involves crossing an international boarder

21. Most referred nationalities
- British – 4.4%
- Lithuania – 4.1%
- Hungary – 3.5%
- Pakistan – 3.14%
Czech Republic – 3%
China – 2.9%
Referred to Salvation Army in Year 4:
- Albania – 27.9%
Nigeria – 15.6%
- Poland – 11.6%
Romania – 9%
- Slovakia – 7.5%
- Vietnam – 7.3%

22. YOU CAN:
Care 22

23. YOU CAN HELP BRING:
Freedom 23

24. YOU CAN BRING:
Hope 24

25. First slide 25