1. Sorting
Dr. Yingwu Zhu

2. Sorting Consider list x1, x2, x3, … xn
We seek to arrange the elements of the list in order
Ascending or descending
Some O(n2) schemes
easy to understand and implement
inefficient for large data sets

3. Review: Selection Sort O(n^2)
Make passes through a list/sublist
On each pass reposition correctly some element. E.g., find the smallest item in the sublist and put it into a right position

4. Simple Selection Sort Algorithm
Array-based
Can you implement it?
template<typename T>
void select_sort(T a[], int n);
Q: What’s the computing time T(n)?

5. Simple Selection Sort Algorithm
template <typename T>
void select_sort(int a[], int n) { for (int i=0; i < n-1; i++) { int min_pos = i; for (int j = i+1; j < n; j++) { if (a[min_pos] > a[j]) min_pos = j; } if (min_pos != i) { T temp = a[i]; a[i] = a[min_pos]; a[min_pos] = temp; } }
T(n) = ?

6. Simple Selection Sort Algorithm
Linked List-based template <typename T> void select_sort(T* head);

7. Simple Selection Sort Algorithm
template <typename T> void selection_sort(T* head) { while (head) { T* ptr = head->next; while (ptr) { if (head->data > ptr->data) { T temp = head->data; head->data = ptr->data; ptr->data = temp; } ptr = ptr->next; } head = head->next; }

8. Simple Selection Sort Algorithm
Linked List-based
Why not move the nodes around?
If we wanna move the nodes around, what more should we do?
What difference from array-based?

9. Review of Exchange Sort
Systematically interchange pairs of elements which are out of order
Bubble sort does this
Out of order, exchange
In order, do not exchange

10. Bubble Sort void bubble_sort(int a[], int n)
Can you write one in C++ function?

11. Bubble Sort void bubble_sort(int a[], int n) {
int num_compares = n-1; //first should do n-1 comparisons
while (num_compares > 0) {
int last = 0; //why need this?
for (int i=0; i<num_compares; i++) {
if (a[i] > a[i+1]) {
swap(a[i], a[i+1]); last = i;
} //end if
num_compares = last;
} //end while
} // thinking: why need last = i??? The purpose of last?

12. Bubble Sort Algorithm What is the worst case for Bubble Sort?
The list of items are in decreasing order.
T(n) = O(n^2)

13. Bubble Sort Disadvantage? Advantage over selection sort?
Swap of data items, but if data item is large, swap could be very inefficient
Advantage over selection sort?
Does not need to pass through the whole list if the list is partially sorted.
It can detect it.

14. Insertion Sort
Repeatedly insert a new element into an already sorted list
Note this works well with a linked list implementation
Why not good for arrays?
Dynamic sorting algorithm 

15. Example of Insertion Sort
Given list to be sorted 67, 33, 21, 84, 49, 50, 75
Note sequence of steps carried out

16. Algorithm for Linear Insertion Sort
Can you write one in C++ function?
void insertion_sort(int a[], int n)

17. Algorithm for Linear Insertion Sort
void insertion_sort(int a[], int n) {
int temp;
for (int i = 1; i<n; i++) {
temp = a[i]; // keep the item to be inserted
for (int j = i-1; j >= 0; j--) //go through the sorted sublist
if (temp < a[j]) a[j+1] = a[j]; //shift the items
else break;
a[j+1] = temp;
} //end for }

18. Algorithm for Linear Insertion Sort
T(n) = ?
If we use a linked-list instead of an array, how do we adapt the previous code?
Write a linked-list based one 
Do you know the difference?

19. Can we have better Sorting Algorithms
We seek improved computing times for sorts of large data sets, better than O(n^2)
Chapter presents schemes (e.g. heapsort) which can be proven to have average computing time O( n log2n )
Must be said, no such thing as a universally good sorting scheme
Results may depend just how out of order list is

20. Comparison of Sorts Algorithm Type of Sort Time (sec) Simple selection
Sort of a randomly generated list of 500 items (Note: times are on 1970s hardware)
Algorithm
Type of Sort
Time (sec)
Simple selection
Heapsort
Bubble sort
2 way bubble sort
Quicksort
Linear insertion
Binary insertion
Shell sort
Selection
Exchange
Insertion 69 18
165
141 6 66 37 11

21. Indirect Sorts
Possible that the items being sorted are large structures
Data transfer/swapping time unacceptable
Alternative is indirect sort
Uses index table to store positions of the objects
Manipulate the index table for ordering
Where will this technique be used? Name one 

22. Question?