1. Rocks
Rock – any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally on Earth
Rock Cycle – the continuous processes that cause rocks to change.
What factors can change a rock?
Interactions among Earth’s water, air, and land can cause rocks to change from one type to another.

2. Igneous Rocks Mount Rushmore Formed from molten rock
When magma or lava cools and hardens
Mount Rushmore

3. Sedimentary Rocks
Formed from small sediments (pieces of earth materials)
Weathering & removal of rock  deposition  compaction and cementation
Weathering: the process in which rocks are physically & chemically broken down by water, air, and living things
Erosion: the incorporation and transportation of agents, such as, water, ice, wind, or gravity.

4. Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic – changes in rocks due to increased temperatures and pressures a few kilometers below Earth’s surface

6. Igneous Rocks Formed from molten rock
Intrusive Igneous – formed when magma hardens beneath Earth’s surface
Extrusive Igneous – formed when lava hardens above Earth’s surface
Characterized by grain sizes and composition
Texture
Coarse-grain – large grains
Fine-grain – small grains
Glassy – no crystals
Porphyritic – mixture of grain sizes
Composition
Granitic – light-colored
Basaltic – dark-colored

7. Sedimentary Rocks Types of Sedimentary Rocks
Formed from small pieces/sediments
Weathering and removal of rock  deposition  cementation and compaction
Types of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Sedimentary – weathered bits of rock
Chemical and Biochemical Sedimentary – dissolved substances precipitate from a water solution

8. Metamorphic Rocks Types of Metamorphic
Metamorphic – changes in rocks due to increased temperatures and pressures a few kilometers below Earth’s surface
Contact Metamorphism – magma leaks into cracks in existing rocks
Regional Metamorphism – large-scale deformation of rocks (mountain-building)
Types of Metamorphic
Foliated – banded, or layered, rocks
Nonfoliated – not banded