1. GENE EXPRESSION

2. GENE EXPRESSION
every cell nucleus has a complete set of DNA (instructions)
But each cell only uses some of the information
Information used depends on the type of cell

3. GENE EXPRESSION
Specialization- cells are “specialized” to do their job depending on the information they use
Ex- Stomach cells make necessary enzymes

4. GENE EXPRESSION
Genes are activated “Turned on” by their internal or external environment
Internal:
Ex- Hormones can activate a part of the cell DNA, producing a specific protein (internal)

5. GENE EXPRESSION GENE EXPRESSION External: Ex- Light on plants
No light stop chlorophyll production

6. GENE EXPRESSION
Himalayan Rabbits- gene for black fur is activated by cold
Test- white fur shaved off back of rabbit cold pack applied  black fur grows in place

7. GENE EXPRESSION
Twin Studies: Identical twins raised in different environments may show differences

8. GENE EXPRESSION
Oncogenes- genes present in most human cells that when activated can lead to cancer
Internal/External

9. BIOTECHNOLOGY The combination of technology and biological sciences
is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use"
Examples:
human gene therapy
genetically modifying plants
changing the genes of bacteria

10. GENETIC ENGINEERING
The process of using technology to alter the genetic code of living organisms
Genetic information is transferred from one organism to another (entire genes or parts of genes)

11. GENE SPLICING
Recombinant DNA formed when DNA from different sources is combined
DNA molecule of original cell is “broken” by restriction enzymes
Plasmids in host cell (bacteria or virus) are broken by restriction enzymes
Isolated pieces of DNA from original cell are inserted into host cell and taken up by plasmid
New cell with foreign DNA replicates
Cell can now synthesize a new chemical coded for it by its new gene(s)

16. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Agriculture- disease and insect resistant crops, leaner livestock, cows produce more milk

17. Genetically Modified Organisms
Herbicide resistance in crops
Sheep that produce human blood clotting factor
Salt tolerance in plants
Delayed ripening in fruits
Cows that produce human milk

18. Genetically Modified Organisms GMO’S
Salmon that grow faster and larger

19. Genetically Modified Organisms GMO’S

21. http://www. scientificamerican. com/video. cfm

22. BIOTECHNOLOGY Medical: Human Gene Therapy Hormones (insulin, GH)
Interferon

23. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Environmental- oil eating bacteria

24. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Cloning: process by which genetically identical cells are produced from a single cell
1997- Dolly the sheep

26. BIOTECHNOLOGY DNA Fingerprinting (gel electrophoresis)
Everyone’s DNA is
unique and can be
used to identify
individuals
Ex- criminals
missing persons
familial relationships

27. DNA FINGERPRINTING
Analysis of sections of DNA which have little or no function (not the DNA that people have in common)
Pieces of DNA separated by the process of gel electrophoresis
DNA fragments are separated by size and electrical voltage and then analyzed

29. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
An ongoing effort to analyze the human DNA sequence
Mapping of the basic framework of the entire genetic code
Scientists began in 1990
June copy of human genome is “complete”