1. The Techniques Involved in Genetic Engineering
Manipulating DNA
The Techniques Involved in Genetic Engineering

2. Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering
Altering the genetic code of a living organism
in other words…
Changing the DNA of a living thing on purpose

3. The Changes… Selective Breeding Molecular manipulation Inbreeding
Hybridization
Molecular manipulation
Inducing mutations
DNA splicing

4. Selective Breeding Inbreeding
The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics
While inbreeding does maintain the characteristics of the breed, it also makes genetic defects more common

5. Selective Breeding Hybridization
The process of mating two organisms from different species to create a hybrid

6. Selective Breeding
Hybridization
In plants

7. Selective Breeding
Hybridization
In animals

8. Selective Breeding
Hybridization
In animals

9. Selective Breeding
Hybridization
In animals

10. Molecular Manipulation
Inducing mutation
Using artificial means (for example: radiation or drugs) to cause specific mutations in living organisms

11. Molecular Manipulation
Inducing mutation
Certain mutation causes extra chromosomes leading to bigger and stronger fruiting plants

12. Molecular Manipulation
Inducing mutation
Certain mutation causes oil-eating bacteria
Used to clean up oil spills!

13. Molecular Manipulation
DNA splicing
Taking a segment of DNA from one organism and putting it into the DNA of another organism
Let’s go through the process…

14. Molecular Manipulation
DNA splicing
Extracting the DNA
Getting the DNA out of the cell and separating it from the other cell parts

15. Molecular Manipulation
DNA splicing
Cutting the DNA
Whole DNA molecules are too large to be analyzed
Scientists cut them into smaller pieces using restriction enzymes

16. More on Restriction Enzymes
A restriction enzyme is a specialized enzyme that cuts the DNA molecule at a very specific sequence
There are hundreds of restriction enzymes, each one cutting the DNA at a specific sequence
Think of restriction enzymes like a lock and key: a restriction enzyme will cut a DNA sequence only it matches precisely

17. More on Restriction Enzymes
EcoR I
SmaI
Cuts the DNA at the sequence CTTAAG, between the A and G
Cuts the DNA at the sequence CCCGGG, between the C and G T C T T A A G C C T C C C G G G T C C A G A A T T C G G A G G G C C C A G G T C T T A A G C C T C C C G G G T C C A G A A T T C G G A G G G C C C G A G T C C C T C T T A A A G G G A G G G G C T C G C C C C C A G G A A T T C G G

18. Molecular Manipulation
DNA splicing
Pasting the DNA
Using an enzyme called DNA ligase to attach segments of DNA

19. Analyzing DNA Gel Electrophoresis
DNA that has been cut with restriction enzymes is placed in wells at one end of a porous gel
An electric voltage is applied to the gel, and the DNA which has a (-) charge moves away from the (-) charge and toward the (+) charge
The smaller the DNA particle, the farther it is able to move through the porous gel
This allows scientists to compare the DNA sequences from different individuals, or determine the relative sizes or particular genes

20. Analyzing DNA
Gel Electrophoresis