1. Clergy
People who have priestly authority

2. People Gregory VII
11th century Catholic pope who banished Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV from the Church
He said that laypeople including Henry IV could no longer appoint people to Church offices

3. Emperor Henry IV
He was the monarch/emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1075
He built up political power by appointing Church official.
Counted on church officials to run their kingdom.
His importance is that he kept the empire running smoothly.

4. Religious Order
Religious order is a group of people who live by the rules specific to their order.
The importance is that they had a great impact on the religious orders

5. Francis of Assisi
He was an Italian who founded the order of Friars in the early 1200s
(Mendicants who owned nothing and primarily lived by begging).
His importance is that he taught his followers to live without poverty and serve as teachers, healers and friends to all living things.
Also, his significance is that he would become the church's saint.

6. Thomas Aquinas
He was an Italian scholar who studied the writings of a Greek philosopher named Aristotle.
His importance was that he argued that classical philosophy could exist in harmony with Christian faith and natural law. (Came from God and was about moral behavior.
This significance led to him becoming a great religious leader.

7. Cathedral Schools These are schools established in cathedrals.
The importance of these schools were that these schools expanded into universities and became a center of power for bishops.
The significance of these schools becoming universities were that it became an intellectual institution that worked on preserving the Latin language and religious texts.

8. Conflict between Monarchs and Papacy
Church leaders and European monarchs had cooperated
11th century –CONFLICT between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire

9. EMPEROR HENRY IV’S SIDE
He relied on literate and efficient Church officials to run their kingdoms
They liked to control the Church officials
He said that Pope Gregory’s election was invalid so the Pope excommunicated him

10. POPE GREGORY VII’S SIDE
He wanted to control the Church officials in 1075
Pope Gregory excommunicated Emperor Henry IV and said that the Emperor was NO LONGER EMPEROR

11. HOW DID IT END UP?
Emperor Henry IV had to get forgiveness from Pope Gregory VII, who as a priest, had to forgive Henry
Henry waited in the snow barefoot for three days
Henry got back his title and control but CONFLICTS CONTINUED