1. Chapter 01 Lecture Outline
See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Exploring Life and Science
See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes 2

3. Points to ponder What is biology? What characterizes life?
How do we classify life?
Where do humans fit into the big picture?
How do we study science?
Where is scientific information published and what should you be aware of?

4. What characteristics are shared by living organisms?
1.1 The Characteristics of Life
What characteristics are shared by living organisms?
Organized from the atom to the biosphere
Use materials and energy from the environment
Maintain a relatively constant internal environment (homeostasis)
Respond to internal and external stimuli
Reproduce and grow
Have an evolutionary history through which organisms change over time

5. How are living things organized?
1.1 The Characteristics of Life
How are living things organized?
Biosphere
Regions of the Earth’s crust,
waters, and atmosphere inhabited
by living things
Ecosystem
A community plus the physical environment
Community
Interacting populations in a particular area
Population
Organisms of the same species
in a particular area
Organism
An individual; complex individuals
contain organ systems
nervous system
shoot system
Organ System
Composed of several organs
working together
brain
leaf
Organ
Composed of tissues functioning
together for a specific task
nervous tissue
photosynthetic tissue
Tissue
A group of cells with a common
structure and function
neuron
plant cell
Cell
The structural and functional
unit of all living things
Molecule
Union of two or more atoms
of the same or different elements
Figure 1.2 Levels of biological organization.
Atom
Smallest unit of an element composed of
electrons, protons, and neutrons

6. How do we classify humans?
1.2 Humans Are Related to Other Animals
How do we classify humans?
Human House cat
Domain Eukarya Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata
Class Mammalia Mammalia
Order Primates Carnivora
Family Hominidae Felidae
Genus Homo Felis
Species sapiens domesticus

7. What distinguishes humans?
1.2 Humans Are Related to Other Animals
What distinguishes humans?
Cultural heritage or patterns of our behavior passed from one generation to the next
Highly developed brains
Completely upright stance
Creative language skills
Varied tool use
Modification of our environment for our own purpose which may threaten the biosphere

8. What do we know about science?
1.3 Science as a Process
What do we know about science?
Science is a way of knowing about the natural world.
Science and scientists should be objective.
Scientific conclusions may change or be modified as our understanding and technology increase.
Science is studied using the scientific method.

9. Scientific theories in biology
1.3 Science as a Process
Scientific theories in biology

10. The steps of the scientific method
1.3 Science as a Process
The steps of the scientific method
Start with an observation
Develop a hypothesis
Make a prediction and perform experiments
Collect and analyze data
Develop a conclusion

11. The steps of the scientific method
1.3 Science as a Process
The steps of the scientific method
Figure 1.7 The scientific method.

12. A controlled study Variables Groups
1.3 Science as a Process
A controlled study
Variables
Experimental variable is the variable that is purposely changed or manipulated.
All other variables need to remain constant.
Groups
Test group is a group of subjects that are exposed to the experimental variable.
Control group is a group for comparison that is not exposed to the experimental variable.

13. A controlled study in action
1.3 Science as a Process
A controlled study in action
Figure 1.9 A controlled laboratory experiment to test the effectiveness of a medication in humans.

14. 1.3 Science as a Process
How the cause of ulcers was discovered: The scientific method in action
Observations: Many patients had a particular bacterium near their ulcers.
Hypothesis: Helicobacter pylori is the cause of gastritis and ulcers.

15. 1.3 Science as a Process
How the cause of ulcers was discovered: The scientific method in action
Experiment/observations:
1st – H. pylori was isolated and grown from ulcer patients.
2nd – Humans swallowing a H. pylori solution developed inflammation in their stomachs.
Conclusion: H. pylori was the cause of most ulcers and can be cured by antibiotics.

16. Reading about scientific information
1.3 Science as a Process
Reading about scientific information
Scientific journals are considered the best source of information but can be difficult for the lay person to understand.
Often the lay person reads secondary sources and must be wary of information taken out of context.
Be careful of information on the Internet by using reliable sources such as URLs with .edu, .gov and .org.

17. What should you look for when you read about science?
1.4 Making Sense of a Scientific Study
What should you look for when you read about science?
Beware of anecdotal data.
Understand methodology and results.
Does the data justify the conclusions inferred by the scientists?
Be able to read a graph.
Have some understanding of statistics.

18. Reading a graph What information does this line graph convey?
1.4 Making Sense of a Scientific Study
Reading a graph What information does this line graph convey?
Figure The presentation of scientific data.

19. Does science have social responsibilities?
1.5 Challenges Facing Science
Does science have social responsibilities?
Science is a way of acquiring knowledge about the natural world.
It is a slightly different endeavor than technology.

20. Does science have social responsibilities?
1.5 Challenges Facing Science
Does science have social responsibilities?
Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to human interests.
Bioethics is the branch of ethics concerned with the development and consequences of biological technology.
Genetic engineering (genetically modified crops)
Threat to biodiversity

21. Human Influence on Ecosystems
1.5 Challenges Facing Science
Human Influence on Ecosystems
Humans tend to modify ecosystems for their own purposes.
Changes in human behavior and use of new technology can result in new diseases (emerging diseases).
Human activities may attribute to climate change (global warming).