1. REVIVAL AND CRUSADES WESTERN REVIVAL (1000 – 1200)
Technological enhancements:
Improved plows
European soil is “heavy”
Iron horseshoes
Horse collar
From Central Asia, Tunisia and Libya
Horses were more powerful and faster than oxen
Breast-strap harness

2. REVIVAL AND CRUSADES WESTERN REVIVAL (1000 – 1200)
Overall Impact of technological improvements:
Population and agricultural production increase
Leads to a resurgence of trade…enables kings to increase control

3. REVIVAL AND CRUSADES WESTERN REVIVAL (1000 – 1200)
Independent, self-governing cities emerge (Italy)
Lack extensive farmlands…enact laws to encourage trade
Venice – dominant sea power, trade in Muslim sea ports
Flanders – import wool, weave into cloth
Increase in use of gold and silver coinage

4. REVIVAL AND CRUSADES THE CRUSADES (1095 – 1204)
The Roots of the Crusades
Series of Christian military campaigns against Muslims in eastern Mediterranean
Factors and causes:
Knights willingness to engage in church-sanctioned warfare
Desire for land and titles in the part of younger sons of the European nobility
Interest in trade

5. REVIVAL AND CRUSADES THE CRUSADES (1095 – 1204)
Creating a focus on the Holy Land:
Tradition of pilgrimages
Muslim control of Christian religious sites
Byzantine Empire’s request for help against Muslims
Pope Urban initiated the First Crusade (1095)
Called on Europeans to stop fighting each other…fight Muslims instead

6. REVIVAL AND CRUSADES THE CRUSADES (1095 – 1204)
Impact of the Crusades:
Exposure to Muslim culture in Spain, Sicily, and the crusader principalities occur gradually
Awaken Europeans…begin to produce pasta, paper, refined sugar, colored glass, etc.
Philosophical & scientific writings are translated into Latin…intellectual world of western Europe is transformed
Lifestyle of European elites impacted significantly!